JOURNAL OF MOVEMENT SCIENCE & SPORTS
Year:2009 | Volume:7 | Issue:13|Papers Count:16

Anterior cruciate ligament injuries are the most frequently knee joints problem in sport activities with a higher incidence among females. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether distinct kinematics performance differences are exhibited between genders during landing. Eight males with age of 21.50±1.41, height of 179.18±7.47 and weight of 67.96±13.22 and eight females having age of 21.00±1.30, height of 162.25±3.19 and weight of 59.31±3.26 participated in this study from department of physical education and sport science. Three-dimensional knee joint kinematics data were recorded during landing from a box having 40cm height from the ground. Independent sample t-test used to determine gender differences in knee joint kinematics. In comparison to males, females shown significant decrease (22%) in knee flexion angle at initial ground contact. Females also, displayed 24% less peak knee flexion angle compared to male subjects. In addition, females demonstrated 19% greater knee joint acceleration in sagital plane at peak knee flexion angle. Women have different knee motion patterns in landing, which may lead to increase the load on the anterior cruciate ligament and may contribute to the increased injury rate among them.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of massage on the knee extensor muscles fatigue following sub maximal is kinetic contractions. Ten male games players (age 22.9±1.7 years, body weight 75.2±6.5 kg, height 182.2±4.2 cm, all values mean ±SD) volunteered to participate in two experimental sessions (massage and rest conditions) one week apart and at the same time of day. On each test day, subjects were performed sub maximal isokinetic concentric efforts of the knee extensors at 60'/s, across a 90' range of motion. The subjects relaxed during the passive flexion phase. Fatigue was judged to have occurred when the torque output dropped below 50% PT for three consecutive movements. Subjects then either received massage on the knee extensors or rested for 15 minute duration. Recovery from fatigue was quantified using peak torque (PT), vertical jump test and perceived recovery scale (VAS). Statistical analysis was conducted using SPSS version 13.0. The data was analyzed using a repeated measure ANOVA and t-test. PT and vertical jump significantly declined following fatigue protocol. There was no significant difference in PT and vertical jump test value change between rest and massage conditions. There was a significant increase in fatigue VAS at the end of fatigue protocol. There was a significant difference in fatigue VAS between massage and rest condition. This study supports the use of massage for helped the subjective feeling of fatigue but there was not enough evidence to conclude that there is an effect of massage on muscle fatigue.

Considering the importance of postural control on physical activity performance, in recent years some of scientists, using new theories, represent new methods to evaluate standing balance. One of these methods that recently have been used is the evaluation of body sway under altered sensory conditions (visual and somatosesory inputs) in single-leg stance position. Thirty healthy adult men student that divided to two groups based on physical activity (athletes and nonathletes groups) participated to this study. In this study single-leg standing stability of subject was measured under altered sensory conditions. A force platform system (Kistler) was used to measure the student standing balance. This system measures the COP sway area for a period of time. The modified CTSIB (Clinical Test of Sensory Interaction on Balance) was used to measure the effectiveness of sensory systems .The results showed that athletes people was better than non-athletes people in all sensory conditions. The results also showed that non-athletes people relied on visual inputs more than athlete people, while athlete people relied on somatosesory inputs. This study can explain postural control impairment in non-athletes people consequent of visual impairment in elderly period. Finally we recommended that non-athletes people in order to obtain better postural control begin physical activity.

Defect in these factors at vertebral column level may lead to alignment disorder and deformity. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between trunk strength and flexibility muscles and the degree of thoracic vertebral column curve in guidance school student. Subjects were 67 student whit mean and standard deviation of age, weight and height 13.15±0.83, 52.57±12.06 and 157.40±8.59 respectively. Spinal mouse and dynamometer were used for measuring vertebral column alignment and strength of vertebral column extensor and shoulder adductors muscles respectively. Flexibility of shoulder girdle flexor and vertebral column flexor muscles were measured by related tests. The result showed a significance correlation between vertebral column extensor muscles (r=-.55), shoulder adductor muscles (r=-.46), flexibility of shoulder girdle flexor muscles (r=-.50) and flexibility of vertebral column flexors (r=-.46). Multivariate regression revealed that vertebral column extensor muscles strength (b=-.38), flexibility of vertebral column flexor (b=-.26) and shoulder girdle flexor muscles (b=-.25) were that most important predictors for thoracic kyphosis. (R2=.45, p<.009, F3.63=17.39). Regarding to the result of this study it seems that reduction in strength of vertebral column extensor and shoulder adductor muscles flexibility of vertebral column flexor and shoulder girdle flexor muscles may lead to increase thoracic kyphosis.

This paper examines whether feedback schedules (self-control, yoked, and instructor) have different effects on relative and absolute timing. Sixty volunteer Participants were randomly assigned to self-control, yoked, and instructor groups. They practiced a sequential timing task. The task required participants to press four keys (2, 6, 8, 4). One group of learners (self-control) was provided with a feedback whenever they requested it; whereas, the other groups (yoked, instructor) had no influence on the feedback schedules. The analyses demonstrated that the self-control groups showed learning benefits on acquisition, retention and delayed transfer tests with regard to relative-timing accuracy. In the acquisition phase, relative timing errors were lower for the self-control and instructor groups, but not for the yoked group. During the retention phase, relative timing errors were lower for the self-control and instructor groups, but not for the yoked group. During the transfer phase, relative timing errors were lower for the self-control group, but not for the yoked group. This might explain self-control feedback develop the generalized motor program but not parameter learning and support the theoretical separation of GMP and parameter processes.

The purpose of this study was to describe and compare the motor proficiency for 10 and 11 years old children of Urmia. 360 children (180 boys & 180 girls) were selected from 4th and 5th grade male and female elementary school by Randomly Cluster sampling method. For evaluating motor development, we conducted standardized assessment of motor function, Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency (BOTMP). BOTMP scale has 46 items that measure 8 subscales. Reliability and Validity of this scale has been reported to be satisfactory in many previous studies. To compare groups according to sex, age and their interaction data were analyzed with Tow way ANOVA and Independent Sample t-test. Results showed that boys are significantly better than girls in gross motor skills and girls are significantly better than boys in fine motor skills and motor proficiency, respectively (p<0.05). 11 years old had better function than 10 years old in motor proficiency and gross motor skills (p<0.05) but there was no significant difference between two ages in fine motor skills (p>0.05).

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of eight weeks resistance training on muscle strength, lean body mass, serum myostatin, GASP-1, IGF-I and IGFBP-3 in untrained young men. Sixteen young men (19-26 years) were assigned to resistance training (n=8) or control (n=8) groups. The training protocol consisted of thrice weekly using three sets of eight to ten repetitions at 60-70% of 1RM for whole-body exercises, whereas control group performed no resistance training. Blood sampling, muscular strength test and body composition analysis (DEXA), were performed at 0, 4th and 8th weeks. Myostatin, GASP-1, and IGFBP-3 measured by enzyme immuno assay, wherease IGF-I was determined via immunoradiometric. Result showed that resistance training caused significant increases in muscular strength [between weeks 0 and 4 (P<0.05), and weeks 4 and 8 (P<0.05)], lean body mass [between weeks 0 and 8 (P<0.05)] and GASP-1 [between weeks 0 and 8 (P<0.05)], whereas myostatin were decreased [between weeks 0 and 4 (P<0.05), and weeks 4 and 8 (P<0.05)]. But significant change in serum levels of IGF-I and IGFBP-3 did not observe. The findings of this study suggest that 8 weeks resistance training does not alter serum levels of IGF-I and IGFBP-3, and decreasing myostatin production and inhabitation of its function by GASP-1 may play important role in increasing muscle strength and muscle mass which induced by resistance training.

The purpose of this study was relationship between cortisol hormone changes and plasma carrier proteins following intensive exercise in young men runners. For this purpose, 16 male runners (age: 21.8±2 years, height: 175±5.26 cm, weight: 64.17±2.12 kg) participated in this study voluntarily. Blood samples were collected before, immediately and 3 hours after intensive exercise (balke test). One-way ANOVA with repeated measures and tukey test, and Pearson correlation analysis has been used in order to analyze the data (p<0.05). The result showed that immediately after Intensive exercise cortisol, albumin, globulin and hemoglobin serum increased significantly (p<0.05), but hematocryte has not changed significantly (p>0.05). After 3 hours intensive exercise, Cortisol concentration compare with basing rates has been decreased significantly (P<0/05), Albumin and hemoglobin concentration have returned to basing rates (p<0.05), but globulin has not been changed significantly (p>0.05). Furthermore, there was no significant relationship between cortisol hormone changes and plasma carrier proteins immediately and after 3 hours intensive exercise (p>0.05).The findings of this study showed that an increase in cortisol serum hormone and plasma carrier proteins probably was resulted from exercise characteristic, exercise intensity and carrying plasma martial.

As far as many water sports like swimming, water polo, and also new science "water curement" are directly related to the healthy condition of water, we have studied the water of some pools in the present research. This semi experimental research involves studying some microbic and chemical laboratory experiments on water. We have studied 26 roofed and unroofed pools in Mashhad in order to study the color of water, counting bacteria, comparison of state and private pools, and comparison of the result with the standards of Health Ministry and Industrial Research. The result showed that from 3.2 water samples taken from pools, the amount of color left in 22.8 percent of samples were appropriate and according to the standards, and 77.2 percent were not according to the standards. Counting all the bacteria of the samples showed that 45.2 percent of samples were out of the standards. So we have concluded that the studied pools were polluted. There was a meaningful correlation between the pollution of water and the management of the pools. And the state pools were much more polluted than the private pools. The amount of color left in private pools was equal to 0.543 milligram per liter, while in state pools it was 0.389. Also we have found that there is a meaningful correlation between the roofed and unroofed pools. Health conditions of roofed pools were much better than unroofed pools regarding the condition of maintenance. We have found that some factors such as open space, the number of users, and also the sunlight affects on unroofed pools' water conditions. So the result showed that the government has much more supervision on private pools while state pools don't have appropriate conditions.

The aim of this study was to compare the quality of work life (QWL) among faculty members in physical education faculties and departments. Subjects were 286 physical education faculty members of physical education faculties and departments. QWL Questionnaire was used for gathering data. QWl score was moderate in both groups. The mean of QWL percent for physical education faculties was 51/78 and for physical education departments was 49/46. There was not significant difference in quality of work life among Faculties and Departments except in the developing human and personal skills and abilities aspect of QWL. There was significant relation between QWl and some of its aspects with age and the number of teaching years of faculty members. There was significant difference in the social relevance of work life aspect of QWL among male and female faculty members. The marriage state of faculty members did not cause any difference in the QWL and its aspects. As faculty members are very important to the universities, so it has high value to pay more attention to their QWL and their work conditions. Also it is recommended to use QWL improving programs in order to get its benefits.

The purpose of this study was to investigate relationship between transformational and transactional leadership styles and motive to avoid failure of athletes in Iranian super basketball league. 170 athletes from 14 teams participated as samples in this study. Leadership styles measured by TLp*(Sashkin 1998) and motive to avoid failure measured with SAlt (Willis 1989). The statistical procedure also was based on descriptive and inferential basis and included multivariable regression and for developed and tested a model using Structural Equation Models (SEM) with lisrel 9/2. The results indicated there was a negative and significant correlation between transformational leadership of coaches and motive to avoid failure of athletes. Transformational leadership characteristics had more decrease motive to avoid failure of athletes than transformational leadership behaviors. The result also indicated that transactional leadership styles didn't have significant correlation with motive to avoid failure of athletes.

The purpose of the present research was studying the relationship between organizational adaptability (creating change, customer focus, organizational learning) and organizational involvement (team orientation, capacity development, empowerment) among experts of Physical Education Organization of I.R. Iran. In order to achieving the research goals, a questionnaire (Denison, 2005) has been used. The validity and reliability of questionnaire in the target population examined and approved. It was distributed among 241 members that involves all of experts in the under study population. For data analysis some statistical techniques (like: k-s, Pearson correlation, linear regression and correlation matrix analysis) were used. Finding simply that the measure of organizational adaptability and involvement are: 51.37%, 50.93% respectively. Significant positive relation(r=.66, p<.01) observed between organizational mission and organizational consistency, also among related variables. The findings of this research insist on organization involvements way to increase organizational adapt ability among experts of Physical Education Organization.

The present paper has been done to study and examine the organizational structure of Iranian Physical Education Organization based organic and mechanical patterns. The views of 368 employees out of 1229 employees of Physical Education Organization with associate degree were gathered based on haphazard classified sampling. Recognition statistical and methods alike Klomogrov Simonov, Pierson correlation coefficient, of pearson, biserial and point biserial, Logistic regression, t-student, test F and a continuative scheffe were used. Based on the findings of this paper, organizational structure of Iranian Physical Education Organization shows tendency to mechanical Structure. Only age, organizational status and job experience carries a meaningful relation with organic structure, but there was no relation between other personal characteristics with organizational structure. On the other hand, age and organizational status were the best factors for predicting. In addition, gender, field of study, age and meaningful difference in organizational structure.

This study aimed to investigate the influence of constraint dimensions on motivation. The self-determination theory and the hierarchical model of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation were used as the theoretical framework. Two hundred and fourteen (N=214) adult individuals (residents of the city of Isfahan), who reported participation in some type of sport and physical activity, completed the Sport Motivation Scale and the leisure constraints questionnaire. For investigating relationship between constraints and motivation, a multiple regression analysis was performed with motivation dimensions (intrinsic motivation, extrinsic motivation and amotivation) as the dependent variable and the seven constraint dimensions as the independent variables. The relationship between motivation dimensions (intrinsic motivation, extrinsic motivation and amotivation) and Frequency of Participation, investigated with multiple analysis of variance. The results indicated that individual/psychological and accessibility constraints accounted for 21% of the variance in amotivation. Lack of interest, lack of knowledge, accessibility constraints accounted for 17% of the variance in extrinsic motivation. Lack of interest accounted for 12% of the variance in intrinsic motivation. These results suggest that intrapersonal constraints influenced motivation. They support elements of the hierarchical model of leisure constraints, and further clarify the role of motivation in the model. Finally, they suggest that future research should focus on the conceptualization of intrapersonal constraints, and their relations with other social and psychological mediators of motivation that have been proposed in the literature.