Geography and Development
Year:2019 | Volume:16 | Issue:53 |Papers Count:13

Increasing population growth and the need of this population for agricultural products and water restriction for agricultural products has put the problem of water scarcity very seriously in our country. . Statistics show that per capita water from 4000 to 5000 cubic meters in 1330s has reached to about 1431 cubic meters in the current situation and by continuation of current trends, it would be less than 1, 000 cubic meters in 1400. While the population of the province from 1231204 in 1335 had a population growth to 4879312 in 1390. Research data were twelve elements of water quality including salinity, pH, sodium bicarbonate, dissolved solids, calcium, magnesium, potassium, sodium absorption ratio, chloride, nitrate and sulfate. Cations and anions were taken based on a survey of seven hydrometric stations on Zayandeh Rood River in Esfahan regional-water authority. The periods of data are 1385 and 1390 to 1394. Fuzzy classification analysis was used to determine the extent of water pollution in Zayandeh Rood River by forming a matrix in the row and column dimensions of 760 * 17 in MATLAB software, fuzzy clustering was performed by of fuzzy relations. Finally, the classified maps of authorized to unauthorized limit in the river were drawn by GIS software. The results of classified plots from Choom Bridge to Talab-Gavkhooni show that the amount of all elements in water except chloride and sulfate are high for drinking water, and even in some stations near shoal river, these elements are high and unauthorized for agricultural and industrial purposes

Land use change often takes place without principles and environmental restrictions and consequences will follow, such as uncontrolled urban growth, deforestation, destructive floods, erosion and desertification of agricultural. This study was conducted on Tutkabon to define land use change, using GIS and RS, during four periods. Land use maps were prepared in the Arc GIS software based on visual interpretation and digitalization of aerial photographs with scale of 1: 55000, in1955, the land use map of 1998 with a scale of 1: 50, 000, satellite images of Landsat ETM+ in 2002 and IRS-Liss-PAN 2008. The results show, the total area of forest land in1953 was a watershed of approximately66. 04 percent to34. 73 percent decline in2008, while the extent of irrigated agriculture and garden land use in1953, and0. 77 % rise in 2008 to9. 60 %. About the area of rangeland, an increase of20% in the area of these lands can be seen from1955 to2008. Changes bare soil also shows an increase13. 2 %. The findings of the research indicate that most of the destruction and change land use has occurred in forest. Forest lands are located along Rangeland and farmland rural, when it is often people's livelihood, agriculture and animal husbandry, the most important factor to be considered deforestation. Increasing of livestock grazing and uncontrolled exploitation of vegetation, especially in rangeland, has led to an increase in the bare soil that this happened due to weak implementation of soil conservation practices and grazed the rangeland. Due to land cover changes in this period, the probability of environmental accidents will increase

The purpose of this study was to extract and explore land use changes from satellite images with object-oriented and knowledge-based models, as well as predict these changes using the Markov chain model by the 2030 in the Zailbirchai basin. Considering that the separation of some LULC from each other, such as irrigated wheat, Rain-fed Agriculture, Irrigated agriculture, and orchard in images with a spatial resolution, such as Landsat images and known pixel-based methods, is rigorous. Therefore, in the present study, a method based on the knowledge based was used for the extraction of the LULC with the OLI image of 2015 and its validation was done with kappa coefficient (0. 86). Then the result of method was used in the TM image of 1987 (kappa coefficient equal to 0. 83). Finally, after the analysis of the changes occurred, temporal changes was predicted for 2030. The classification of images shows the growth of residential, orchard and irrigated agriculture land uses, respectively, 15, 42 and 50 km2 over the course of 28 years. This growth reflects the high consumption of water in the region. Cross Tab, on the other hand, shows the conversion of low-consumption applications such as irrigated wheat to arable crops. Also, in the next 15 years, based on pattern of 28-year-old using Markov chain analysis model, this growth will be up to 8, 27 and 8 km2, respectively.

Geomorphologic indices are used as a tool for identifying new structures and activated influenced by the movement of tectonic. In this study the topographic maps, geology, satellite imagery and digital elevation model (DEM) and IRS satellite images of the region, as the main research data were used. Evidence Morphotectonic indicates that neither the fault that along with passing of units of different ages show different behavior, and the amount of angle Rick obtained along the fault is different according to the results achieved in three segment to different long can be divided, so that angle Rick segments 1 and 2 respectively 16/60° and 22/81° and long segments respectively 18 and 48 kilometer, to notice the high values of Rick (more of 10° ) the two segments have a dominant effect of the component dip-slip relative to strike-slip but the angle Rick 2/74° in segment 3 indicate of the action component strike slip that the units alluvial are plain Silakhor this segment long is 44 kilometer, index associated with alluvial fans, including fan of bending β , fanning coefficient and longitudinal profile was calculated. In the result dates derived from analysis of topography, geomorphology evidence from field observations and the obtained data of geomorphic indicators and survey evidence of active neo-tectonics in the region and the case studied basis of the classification LAT is placed in class 1 that represents is high Neotectonic activities in the area and alluvial fan in the basin is formed in an active tectonic environment.

Determining of flooding potential and prioritization of sub-catchments based on it, is one of the most important issues in the landuse planning studies. In this study flooding prioritization of sub-catchments in the Pole-Shah catchment, Kermanshah province, Iran was carried out. For this purpose, different data layers such as physiographic condition, climate, geology, soil, landuse, landcover and annual flood hydrograph of the study area were used. Then by checking the rainfall data and its related flood data, two events were selected for calibration and one event was selected for validation. SCS method was used for rainfall-runoff simulation. Curve Number method was used in HEC-HMS software for determining of initial losses. The model evaluation was conducted by Nash-Sutcliffe index. To determine the unit rainfall, the statistical distribution methods were used in SMADA software using statistics of 1998-2015 period. The results showed that model efficiency coefficient is positive for both events after calibration and rose to 0. 872 and 0. 173. In The validation process, based on the average adjusted of curve number and the initial losses, the efficiency ratio was 0. 336 and peak flow error was 8 % that shows the accuracy of the model. The unit rainfall by 93 mm may leads to a 200 m3/s peak flow in the outlet. The results shows that sub-catchments located in the catchment outlet have a high flooding risk because of their geologic and land cover conditions; while sub-catchments located in the upstream have a low flooding risk.

Landscape degradation and land use / land cover changes are constantly putting pressure on the environment of the country. Therefore, vegetation maps are very important in the production of information for urban planning. In this study, vegetation maps of Hamadan were prepared based on data obtained from Landsat ETM+ and OLI sensors, and then NDVI index value was calculated. NDVI is one of the most widely used indicators for monitoring vegetation changes, Which is achieved by red and infrared banding. In order to investigate qualitative changes in vegetation greenness, the numerical values of these index were categorized to 4 different classes of lands with excellent, very good, good and poor vegetation, and were applied to detect changes in classified maps using LCM model. Then in order to analyze landscape changes, 5 different metrics in class level, and 6 different ones in landscape level were considered. Predicting changes in vegetation cover in the next 15 years was done with Markov chain. Analysis of landscape metrics indicates that very good coverage declined from 12 percent in 2001 to 21 percent in 2016. Good vegetation cover, regarded as natural vegetation was also declined in the same period. Results obtained from Shannon diversity index in the landscape level, shows the values higher than one in the study area, which indicates high rate of diversity in the Hamadan landscape. Predicted results indicate that the most likely damage up to horizon of 2031, would take place on lands with excellent coverage (0. 8329).

Geomorphology is one of the natural factors which has played on outstanding role in establishing settlements, such as Geriran hill, in North Aleshtar plain. in the present study, considering geomorphology and historical this site, and considering this question have been considered to the geomorphology, The geomorphology features of this site were examintion. in this study, with respect to geomorphological and historical features Geriran, using satellite images, topographic and geological maps. In order to understand the role of geomorphological elements in the establishment of historical site Geriran in north Aleshtar a series of geomorphological and sedimentological studies have been carried out, sedimentological surveys and geomorphological maps in this study can greatly contribute to archeological studies. Analysis of the results showed that adequate water and fertile sediments provided a basis for establishment of sustainable settlement, As well as the evacuation of this site in 1356 and has been due to archeology survey. however geomorphological factors have had a little effects on the site, replacement and destruction. these patterns reflected condditions considering geomorphological features in the establishment of this settlement.

Abpakhsh region is one of the most zeolite regions in Boushehr province that due to the existence of multiple active faults in Qatar, Kazeroon, Borazjan, Rege Sefid and Zagros always exposes the multiple and severe earthquakes with a maximum magnitude of 5 magnets. That is why study after preparing the base maps of seismicity such as the depth of seismicity zones, seismic power, acceleration and intensity of earthquakes and soil depth to the weighting of parameters, and finally using three analytical hierarchy systems, Dematel and average ranks reviews, assesses the seismic situation in Abpakhsh region and draws a map of seismicity zoning in this region. The results show that the seismic power of fault and intensity of earthquakes to 0. 086 and 0. 063, respectively, are the most influential factors and parent material and soil depth (0. 110) and tilt (0. 103) as the most interactive parameters in the area of seismicity power in Abpakhsh region. In other words, in this area, the less the slope of the land, the more resistant the parent material and the less soil depth than less influence of the parameters of the seismic potential formation of faults and earthquake intensity will be as a result of land with the situation in Abpakhsh region that will be earthquake-resistant. Of course, this should not ignore the role of human factors in exacerbating seismic conditions.

Ramhormoz Fault has been located in the Dezful embayment and it is active from point of tectonics. The Geomorphic indices including mountain front sinuosity (Smf), valley floor width to valley height ratio (Vf), basin shape index (Bs), and stream length– gradient index (SL) have been calculated for determination of various tectonic activities along the Ramhormoz fault. The mountain front sinuosity (Smf) index was calculated about 1. 003 to 1. 14 respectively in the active and inactive parts of the Ramhormoz fault. The amounts of valley floor width to valley height ratio (Vf) index show the range between 0. 37 to 13. 48 in the active parts with V shape valley morphology and inactive parts with U shape valley morphology respectively. The basin shape (Bs) index has been calculated between 6. 5 for the very active parts and, 0. 5 for the low active parts of the fault. The stream length– gradient (SL) index was calculated between the range of 227-14. 5 for the active and inactive parts of the fault respectively. The overlaying of the data layers was made and the active tectonic map of the study area was created with application of the GIS techniques. According to the active tectonic map the Ramhormoz fault was divided to the three classes of tectonic activity zones. Class 1 shows the high tectonic activity and class 3 shows the low tectonic activity parts. Results show more tectonic activity in the central and south west parts of the hanging wall respect to the other parts of the Ramhormoz fault.

Women’ s as a half of the population of a society, always can be considered as a ground for development of the society. Assuredly, issues and problems related to this layer is one of the social and cultural concerns of each society. One of those issues is social security which seems to be dependent on multiple variables. The present study is to investigate the effect of urban spaces on women’ s social security in Isfahan area 3 via assessment of the six-index urban spaces including distressed areas, historical monuments green spaces and parks, incompatible and disturbing jobs, the state of passages and alleys, abandoned and semi-detached buildings; and to assess 9-index women’ s social security including financial security, human security, honor security, intellectual and political security, identity security, welfare security, judicial security, collective security, and cultural security using Amos Graphics and SPSS. Findings of the research identifies that in the regression model, the set of independent variables could explain 32% of the variance of women’ s social security. The regression weight of urban green spaces was not significant, but abandoned buildings had the highest justification in explaining the variance of women’ s social security. In the SEM (the integration of path analysis and factor analysis techniques), the highest regression weight was related to the variable of historical monuments.

The data and information was gathered from the meteorological and hydrological stations of Ravansar watershed during a period of 18 years. Then, with help of Hyfa software the recurring preiod of the momentary maximum flood discharge was calcuated. For modeling, five events of rainfall-runoff was selected. In the process of calculation of the modle to calculate the runoff loss, SCS network; to convert the process of execessive rainfall to the surfaceflow, SCS hydrography unit; and for flood routing in different part, of the rive, Muskingum hydrologic routing were utilized. Analizing the results, it was found that there is significant different between the computational and observational data. Hence, the modle was calibrated. After calibration, the result showed a reduction of difference between the computational and observational data. To verify these result, the model was validdated through using three new rainfall-runoff events. The obtained validation results confirmed the accuracy of the calibrated parameters. The results of this study indicate the capability of HEC-HMS model in simulating the hydrologic behaviors of Ravansar watershed. This modle has a performance capability with a mean error of 0/7 % estimating the peak discharge and a mean error of-3/33 % in calculating the flood through using Hyfa software, the maximum flood discharges were calculated in periods of 2 to 500 years. After reviewing the results, the percentage probability of error prediction in recurrent two year periods was the least and as the length of recurring preiods increased, the percentage of errors increased as weel.

The purpose of this study is to evaluate effective and appropriate strategies for ecotourism development in rural areas by using structural equation modeling. The research method is Descriptive-Analytical and the main tool for data collection is a researcher-made questionnaire. the Statistic population included experts, the local community and tourists of Baghbahadoran region with a population of 47, 249 members. The sample size was calculated by Sample Power software to 254 cases. For analyzing the results of the questionnaire, various descriptive-inferential methods like T-test, ANOVA in SPSS software were used and for modeling, fitting and relation test, structural equation modeling in AMOS software were applied. The findings of one sample t-test indicate that ecotourism attractions in the region are most effective in attracting tourists and participation of the private section is the most appropriate strategy in tourism development. The results of structural equation modeling show that welfare facilities with 0. 91 loading factor is most influential factor for tourism development planning. Loading factor of 0. 90 for facilitating communication puts the developing planning tourism in second place and lodging services with 0. 86 loading factor and information advertising with 0. 85 loading factor placed in the third and fourth rankings, respectively.