Geography and Development
Year:2019 | Volume:17 | Issue:54 |Papers Count:16

Change in the paradigms of a knowledge domain is considered the beginning of evolution in the literature, methodology, techniques and other cognitive components. Similarly, when the systematic approach replaced the classical methods, profound changes occurred in the empirical sciences, it was not until recently that humanities scientists lost opportunities which were analytically compensated by the critique of experimental sciences with the design of space geometry. In the meantime, Dilthey efforts to show the position of humanity and the discovery of a thousand secret mysteries in phenomenology by Husserl, Genette and Heidegger provided a way for another paradigm to formulate, putting an end to the one-hundred-year supremacy of The Vienna Circle. This Wave Would definitely infiltrate the geosciences against all odds. This focuses on the epistemic aspects of the approach, and through Genette method of text analysis, investigates the introduction of a phenomenological approach to Geography in the writings of Scientific characters, Gilbert Geomorphologist and thinker Hiller in space placement. phenomenology supplies a criticism on the history of contemporary of theoretical views in Geomorphology the purpose to clarify the intellectual differences in the field of phenomenology. The results surveys show that: *Phenomenology tries to expand the scope of human experience beyond the definition of experience in the Vienna aspects of phenomena and the role of humans in their discovery and this does not employ the negation or invalidity of positivism. *phenomenology in Geomorphology in contrast to phenomenology will be a more favorable guarantee of human experience about the world.

Unlike what is usually thought, the distress of urban fabric is not only a physical phenomenon, but it is a mix of socioeconomic, political and physical factors that their interaction lead to urban distress. Therefore, the current study aims to study the relationship between segregation and pervasive distress in in the 10th Municipal District of Mashhad. To do this, at first a set of criteria and indexes for evaluating segregation and pervasive distress were recognized in various dimensions, and then with an emphasis on Mashhad's master plan's and census data 1390, the pervasive distress of urban fabrics and the way they are segregated were studied in order to be compared with each other finally. Results indicate that the mere emphasis on physical factors for evaluating urban fabrics' distress cannot make an appropriate understanding of they in which this phenomenon is happening in urban context, and because the studied area's segregation map matches the distress map of the same area, it can be concluded that segregation and the concentration of low socioeconomic classes and become segregated from other groups, are effective in the spread of distress in urban fabrics. In other words, those groups who were not able to be attracted to city's socioeconomic system, become concentrated in some areas of the city and appeal other people with the same characteristics to those areas, just like strong magnets. This concentration of low classes leads to the increase of inefficiency of urban fabrics, a phenomenon which can be called "pervasive distress".

Today the city, for various reasons, are prone to damage from natural hazards, the risks that are associated with many human and financial damage requires urgent measures are preventive. Poshtkuh a city of Fereydoun city. The occurrence of the landslide and imposing heavy body and property damages may be studied based on the recognition and special conditions of the zones. In this research, Poshtkuh zone in Fereidun Shahr town having 581 km2 located in the west of Isfahan province. was selected and then, by using aerial pictures, satellite pictures, geological maps and field studies the dispersion map of the landslides studied through entropy model. Then, the entropy matrix and the zoning map of the landslide were prepared on ArcGIS 10 software environment and finally a technique was given for lowering its damages with respect to the condition of the zone. The results showed that the distance from the fault (60. 84%), geology (12. 49%), direction of dip (11. 38%), elevation beds (7. 01 %), distance from channel (5. 74%), and slope (2. 59%) have been effective in occurring the landslides of the zone. The zoning map indicates that low-risk zones have only covered 31% of the zone and also the medium zone 33% and high-risk zone 36% have high potentials in happening the landslide. Construction having the distance from the fault, geological layers in steep regions, making the communication routes safe and controlling digging and excavation in geological layers are the most important actions for lowering the damages of slope movements in Poshtkuh zone of Fereidun Shahr.

Rural-Urban linkages can have a tremendous impact on regional development, as it is mentioned the city as an engine of regional development. These effects can be create positive and productive role or negative and parasitic on their field or area and different from region to another region and from city to another city. It is therefore logical understanding these effects can be effective in the planning area. This research forms the main stream issue is, “ Identify and determine the status of significant rural-urban linkages with regional development levels as well as explain the role germ or Parasitic of the city about it” . The research method is descriptive and analytical and based on using field data and documents. The statistical population research includes villages of 20 households to higher in Ahvaz Township and the sample size is 90 villages or about 50 percent of villages in the township. Used software is included Expert Choice and ArcGIS. To determine the level of regional development use of 120 development indicators and ElectreIII method used. Effect of town by the 11 mainstream with 40 links the village with the city measured and obtained a significant relationship among them regional development levels. Research findings showed that a total of 40 rural-urban linkage in the area, 34 cases in 9 affecting flow city, having a significant relationship and have a positive with level of regional development and the results indicate a positive and productive role in Ahvaz city on the levels of regional development.

Nowadays, landscape differentiation is known as one of the most important issues in ecology and biological diversity. Decline Detection and analysis of land use changes are the basis for recognizing environmental issues and problems. The purpose of this study was to investigate the spatial variations of land use time of Balanjchai (Urmia) with the help of remote sensing science and using landscape Metrics in a 24-year period which is important for current and future planning of land use for sustainable development. To preparing land use map, Landsat satellite 4 images of 1992 and Landsat satellite 8 images of 2016 were used. In order to study land cover change, The Number of Patches, Patch Density, Edge Density, Percentage of Lands, Largest Patch Index & Landscape Shape Index metrics in Class level and Number of Patches, Patch Density, Percentage of Lands, Landscape Shape Index, Shannon, s Diversity Index & Contagion metrics in Landscape level were used on FRAGSTATS 4. 2. Software. The results of this study, using the measures at the level of the class and land, indicate that in general, the shape of the fragmented territory is more complex and irregular in terms of the structural integrity, more discontinuous (from 38. 21 % to 24. 10 %), and in terms of the type of usage, the coverage is more varied in the unit area (from 1. 08 to 1. 3). Also, the interpretation of the results reflects the fact that human-made and agricultural spots over the period of time have undergone a completely consistent.

The aim of the present study is to examine the relationship between urban floods and structural and environmental factors in Zahedan City. Zahedan City located in small and plane surrounded by low-height Mountains. Historical reports have recorded big and destructive floods with long returning intervals for this cityStructural factors examined in this research for localization were: topography, slope, land use, and watercourse any of which were covered and weighted by AHP method in form of a plan and as a factor by GIS software. Determining the privilege of factors was conducted by questionnaire and Delphi method and factors were compared two by two by expert choice and the level of inadaptability reached to 0. 1. After overlapping, flood zoning map in Zahedan was provided. The results of final localization map of dangers for flood show that around 17 % of urban lands in Zahedan are in a large danger, 42% in relative danger, 28% in normal status and 12% in status without danger. Thus, given the effective role of structural, environmental, and climate factors in creating watercourse and flooding potential, the most vulnerable parts in Zahedan City were identified. These districts include the ending parts of Moradgholi and Razmjomoghadam streets and the beginning part of Imam Khomeini, Saadi and large parts of Shahid Rajaeii streets.

During the last decades, the decrement of forest areas has come to attention in regional and global scales. This research aims to investigate the forest changes using satellite imagery, Artificial Neural Network and Markov chain in Bastam area, Lorestan province. Land use maps for the years 1364, 1379, and 1394 were prepared using the Maximum Likelihood Classification and Landsat TM and OLI Sensors. Land use changes modeling was done, using LCM model based on Artificial Neural Network and 7 effective variables include altitude, proximity of the residential areas, slope, direction, proximity of the roads, proximity of the river and land use map. The land use map for the year 1394 was predicted using the Markov chain modeling method. To evaluate the accuracy of the results, the error matrix was formed between the predicted map and the ground reality map for this year. The results of the first period showed that the highest increase in the agricultural area and the largest reduction in the forest area were 380 and 425 hectares respectively. In addition, the variables of altitude and proximity of residential areas with the Cramer correlation coefficient of 0. 47 and 0. 43 respectively, had the most effect on land use changes and forest degradation. Finally, the comparison of modeling and reality maps of 1394 showed the Kappa coefficient of 0. 89, which indicates the proper performance of the LCM model in predicting land use changes.

In response to economic problems and shortcomings of welfare, in recent years, many rural areas surrounding the cities from the advantages second homes development for revenue raising and spending of life have used. Although second homes used to help local residents to the new opportunities created, the studies indicate the presence of urban people in the rural predispose many conflicts is: Local residents are looking to the future and development of the rural, the second homes owners in the past and preserve the countryside. It should be said, the endemic market second homes in the middle and small urban such conflicts have less experience; features that can be seen in Sabzevar summer resorts. The key question is this: basically how local residents and second homeowners come together to share the benefits? Current study method is case study and that qualitative data (content) analysis through semi-structured interviews and in-depth of 40 local residents have been extracted. The results show that each of the parties Nimbyism content (to develop and maintain the countryside) shared their preferences and their location parallel to each other. The correlation of these include improving the environmental quality of settlements, the return of the face value of the local village and keep it alive. Although heavy attack against second homes there, still in some regions to expand capacity for second homes is provided without challenge and without any damage. Therefore, identifying the distinctive aspects of geographical, cultural and social the second homes spread in policy development is essential.

Investigating the status of thermal radiation dispersion and its relation to existing types of Land use, it is important to recognize the micro-climax of urban areas. The purpose of this study is to monitor the land use change and its relationship to land surface temperature in Marivan city using Landsat satellite data during a 33-year period. In this study, after processing the images using thermal equations and SEBAL algorithm surface temperature was calculated and the land use layers were identified by the maximum probability method. The results show a decreasing vegetation trend, So that the trend of these changes between 1984 and 2000 was about 215. 7 km2 and from 2000 to 2017 it was about 153. 63 square kilometers. There has also been an increasing and decreasing trend in agricultural land and agriculture. According to the temperature maps, the temperature of the city of Marivan has been increasing in the studied periods, the amount of which changed from 1984 to 2017 at a rate of 5 degrees Celsius that has increased to the city's temperature. in order to determine the relationship between surface temperature and land use variations, the maximum temperature of each land use was calculated. The results obtained from the maximum temperature values in each of the land use classes show that the increase in the area of buildup land and wasteland and also with decreasing vegetation during the studied periods has been increased.

This study statistical approach-analytical, with the aim of analyzing change was spatiotemporal height of the boundary layer (BLH) were the order of the height of the boundary layer of the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) version of the ERA-Interim with spatial resolution 0/125 ° × 0/125 ° arc period 1979 to 2015 were used. The results showed that the pace of change when boarding height of the boundary layer influenced by the pace of change and seasonal temperature pattern on the one hand and the components of latitude and altitude is. When the maximum height of the boundary layer in June and a minimum height of boundary layer occurs in January. The furnishing and rugged Zagros highlands and desert areas Sawwah has a minimum thickness of the boundary layer and smooth inner regions, especially South-East and Central regions of Iran, the thickness of the boundary layer is at the highest level. Changes in the boundary layer height space in the cold months is more consistent warmer months. Adjacent coastal areas and the sea because the sea moderating role in the temperature always have the minimum thickness of the boundary layer. In the cold months the maximum height of the boundary layer in the southern part of East and especially during the hot months of June and July in the western region and northern and southern Kerman province to be drawn.

In this research, the geomorphosites of the protected area of Manhest, Bangkok and Qelarang were studied using the Perira method. In this method, the geomorphologic value of geomorphosites was identified using scientific and additional values. Management value was derived from two values of Protection value and Use value and from the sum of the two values of geomorphology and management, the final value of each geomorphsites was obtained. For this reason, the principal indicator ‘ geomorphological value’ includes the secondary indicators ‘ scientific value’ and ‘ additional values’ . ‘ Management value’ , as second principal indicator, integrates the secondary indicators ‘ use value’ and ‘ protection value’ . The sum of all indicators determines the total value of the Geomorphosite. The results of this research show that the Arghavan Geomorphsite ranked 1 in the TV index, but in the final ranking or index (RK) ranked 6. The highest score in the Geomorphological section (8. 04) was attributed to the Mannesht and Qalarag and the highest weighting in the management section with a score of 4. 0 was attributed to the Arghavan geomorphosite. In the ranking table derived from the calculation of the indexes (main and sub) with the title of ranking (RK), Abdallan geomorphosite with the total value of 35 was the highest value among the six selected geomorphosites in the studied area.

Dam construction in a watershed causes changes in basin’ s entire land cover and landuse. These changes affect basin’ s local climate and governed natural process directly or indirectly. In this research, the trend of vegetation land cover and land surface temperature changes for the period of before and after Gavoshan dam construction in Gavehrood basin was studied using temporal Landsat images. To obtain vegetation cover changes, NDVI, EVI and SAVI indices were used. They all show an increase in vegetation cover in the south of dam. To obtain LST and LSE, Planck equation and NDVI thresh holding method used respectively. Analysis of spatial variations of temperature classes from land surface emissivity show that Downward the dam of very warm temperature category are eliminated and cool and very cool temperature categories replaced instead. Analysis of NDVI index show it has been changed averages from 0. 13 to 0. 165. So, changes in other vegetation indices have been incremental. With production of normalized classes of Temperature was determined that area of average class increased about 67 Km2 (7. 3%) and area of very warm class about 11 Km2 (17. 5%) decreased. Analysis the dispersion diagram of temperature normalized and vegetation (Fr/T) shows in the course of study decreased the dry edge length and increased the wet edge length. This means that the existence of water surface in this Basin in addition to changing vegetation coverage and soil moisture causes land surface temperature change which in turn evolves the microclimate of the region in the long term.