Journal of Gorgan University of Medical Sciences
Year:2009 | Volume:11 | Issue:3 (31)|Papers Count:18

Background and Objective: In recent years many studies have reported that aspirin could have beneficial effect on learning and memory in different diseases of central nervous system. The objective of present study was to explore the effect of aspirin on learning and memory of Rats in pentylenetetrazole kindling model.Materials and Methods: In this experimental study Rats were divided randomly into six groups (n=8). Animals in three groups received aspirin (15 and 30 mg/kg, orally) and saline, one week before and during induction of kindling, respectivley. Kindling was induced in these groups by administration of pentylenetetrazole (PTZ: 40 mg/kg, ip). Two groups of animals received only aspirin 25 and 30 mg/kg orally. Other group received only saline throughout the study and served as health control group. After induction of kindling the learning and memory of Rats was tested in shuttle box. Study was divided to three stages of adaptation, acquisition and retention test. Initial Latency (IL) time before electrical shock and Step through latency (STL) time, 20 min or 24h after acquisition was evaluated as learning and memory index. Locomotor activity was also evaluated in open filed test.Results: PTZ kindling significantly decreased Initial Latency and Step through latency time, 20 min or also 24h after acquisition, and aspirin significantly increased these times in kindled animals (p<0.05). Aspirin also had no significant effect on locomotor activity of animals.Conclusion: This study showed that the administration of aspirin to kindled Rats improved learning and memory impairments induced by pentylenetetrazole kindling.

Background and Objective: Low electromagnetic fields (LEMF) are produced by instruments which are works with electricity. This study was done to determine the effect of LEMF on fetal death and bone marrow megakaryocytes in NMRI mouse neonates.Materials and Methods: In this experimental study 64 females’ mice with 6-8 old weeks were used. 2 female mice coupled with one male, and positive vaginal plaque was interpreted as the zero day of pregnancy (GD=0). The pregnant mice were randomly categorized into control and experimental groups. The experimental group was exposed to 50HZ, 0.5 mT Low electromagnetic fields on 7-11 days of pregnant period (8h/d). The weight of neonate and death fetus was studied after delivery. The live neonates were dissected on 15th day, and 1 ml of bone marrow was extracted from Tibia and vertebral column, by pressing method. The bone marrow cells suspended in 1:1 IMDM in 15cc (FULCON) tubule and cells were counted with neobar lam. The data were tested by t-student test; significance was set up at p<0.05.Results: There was significant differences between the mean weight of one day neonate in cases with controls (P<0.05). The mean of dead fetus in experimental group was higher than controls (P<0.05). The mean of megakaryocytes numbers higher than controls, but this difference was not significant.Conclusion: This study showed that the number of megakaryocytes and fetal death were increased by low electromagnetic fields exposure during pregnancy. 

Background and Objective: Trichomoniasis is a disease caused by Trichomonas vaginalis and is the most common sexually transmitted disease after viral sexually transmitted ones. Trichomoniasis is usually treated with oral metronidazole and both patient and her partner should be treated. Considering the probable teratogenic effect of metronidazole and parasite drug resistance, it is necessary to find an alternative medication for treatment of trichomoniasis. In this study in vitro effect of garlic and Freula assafoetida extracts on Trichomonas vaginalis were evaluated.Materials and Methods: This in Vitro study was done in Yasuj Faculty of Medicine, Yasuj, Iran. Trichomonas vaginalis was cultured in TYI-S-33 medium. Effect of garlic and Freula assafoetida extracts in specified times and concentrations on Trichomonas vaginalis were assessed. Garlic extract was used in 0.1, 0.05 and 0.025 mg/ml while Freula assafoetida extract was used in 2, 1 and 0.5 mg/ml. The inhibitory effect of extract on Trichomonas was assessed by counting the alive parasites 1, 2 and 24 hours after exposure with extracts.Results: Findings of this study showed that hydroalcoholic extract of Freula assafoetida at concentration of 0.5, 1 and 2 mg/ml killed 90% of the parasites in first hour of exposure and garlic extract at concentration of 0.1 mg/ml killed 95% of parasites after 2 hours. Moreover garlic extract killed 90% of parasites at concentration of 0.05, 0.025 and 0.0125 mg/ml after 24 hours of exposure even at low concentration.Conclusion: This study indicated that garlic and freula assafoetida have significat effect on Trichomonas vaginalis, therefore detecting the effective substances of these potent anti-parasitic herbs is recommended. 

Background and Objective: Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) tear is one of the most common knee injuries among young adults and sportman. They need reconstruction when they are accompanying with other knee internal derangements to prevent knee osteoarthritis. This study was designed to explore early complication of anterior cruciat ligament reconstruction with bone-patellar tendon- bone graft.Materials and Methods: This prospective and cross-sectional study was done on 13 patients which refered to Qaem hospital in Mashhad-Iran during 2008. The first 3 months complications and problems of anterior cruciate ligament reconstructions, with bone-patellar tendon, bone graft technique, was recorded on regular basis, symptoms and signs were documented.Results: Anterior knee pain and knee stiffness were common as 70% and 38% respectively. We did not observe any infection but in 15% of patients a minor instability (ADT+) was detected. Patients cooperation was low and even 54% of them did not implement, post-operative advices.Conclusion: This study showed that minor instability and subsequent pain are the early problems during the first three month after anterior cruciate ligament constraction. 

Background and Objective: Electromagnutic field of cell Phones may affect the biological systems. This study was done to evaluate the effect of electromagnutic field of mobile phones on blood pressure, heart rate and arytmia on students of Kurdistan University of Medical Science, in West of Iran.Materials and Methods: In a randomized, double-blind clinical Trial, 56 young healthy volunteers with 20-30 years age were divided in two groups: expousure (n=27) and control (n=29). Cell phone was kept in front of the heart. Non functional cell phone was used in the control group. Systolic and diastolic blood pressure, heart rate and basic ECG were recorded. The Parameters were recorded in stage one (before set on cell phone), stage two (the first 5minutes), stage three (6minutes, with silent ringing), stage four (after 17min conection) and stage five (after 35 min conection). In all Stages, it was evaluated by cardiac monitoring (Lead2) for the presence of (sinus arryhthmia, sinus bradycardia, SA block, AV block, PAC and PVC).Results: Systolic and diastolic blood pressure and heart rate did not show to have any significant differences between two groups in any stages. Rate of sinus arryhthmia was higher in expousure group at stages four and five, but only in stage four, this difference was shown to be significant (P<0.05).Conclusion: The findings of this study showed that, electromagnetic of cellular phone cause sinus arryhthmia after 17 minute connection, to prevent the side effect of cell phone, we suggest that, cell phone set distant away from heart and reduce the connection time. 

Background and Objective: Several studies have reported high prevalence of severe lack of cobalamine and Folate in aged people. The most important causes are: malnutrition, atrophic gastritis and drug use. Age related macular degeneration (ARMD) is a primary degenerative disorder of central retinal area with loss of visual acuity. Recent studies have shown a significant relationship between age related macular degeneration and lack of plasma level of Folate, red blood cells and cobalamine. This study was caried out to investigate the relationship between age related macular degeneration and plasma Folate, Cobalamine and photostress recovery time, in elderly population.Materials and Methods: This case – control study was done on 124 elderly populations. The participants were collected from by cluster sampling in mashhad located in the Noth - East of Iran during 2006. The patients underwent eye examination including indirect ophthalmoscopy. Slit lamp examination and photostress recovery time for age related macular degeneration by an ophthalmologist. After blood sampling, plasma Folate, serum Cobalamine, were determined by RIA method (DRG kit).Results: The Mean±SD of cobalamin and folate in age related macular degeneration patients was 298.848±288.66 pg/ml and 5.543±3.58 ng/ml and in normal group was 310.775±531.38 pg/ml and 5.365±3.52 ng/ml. There was no significant difference between age related macular degeneration patients and control group. Photostress recovery time was significantly increased in patients with age related macular degeneration (P<0.05). There was no significant relationship between photostress recovery time and Cobalamine and folate level.Conclusion: This study showed that serum cobalamin and folate non significantly is decreased in age related maucular degeneration patients, with increasing photostress recovery time, we can use this screening test for the dignosis of age related macular degenertion. 

Background and Objective: Self-injury (SI), also called self-mutilation or cutting, is highly stigmatized emotional disorder. The aim of this study was to estimate the incidence rate of self-injury among male pupils in Tabriz - North West in Iran and to evaluate the associated risk factors.Materials and Methods: In this longitudinal study of all the pupils high school in Tabriz, 1772 (13.7%) were randomly sampled, and assessed in this and subsequent year. A self-administered questionnaire with 48 questions was distributed to high school in February and March 2005. After one year (February and March 2006), another questionnaire with 10-items was distributed to those students to determine the incidence rate of self-injury. The influence of different factors on self-injury was evaluated with a logistic regression model.Results: The mean age of the subjects was 16.3±0.87 (min 15, max 19) years. At the end of follow-up, 4.8% of pupils reported incidence of self-injury. Most type of incidenced self-injury were cutting and burning. The results of logistic regression model indicate that transition in smoking stages (OR=2.81), incidence of alcohol drinking (OR=2.27) and having smoker friend (OR=1.78) were factors associated with incidence of self-injury.Conclusion: This study showed that incidence rate of self-injury in this group of adolescents was 4.8% in one year, which related to age, alcohol and ciggaret smoking. 

Background and Objective: Erectile dysfunction (ED) is the most neglected complications of diabetes mellitus that reduce the quality of life. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the erectile dysfunction and related risk factors in diabetic patients.Materials and Methods: This descriptive analytical study was done on 700 diabetic men aged 20-69 years at Sina hospital and Abouzahr Health Center in Tehran- Iran during 2002-03. Patients were screened for erectile dysfunction using the International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF) questionnaire. Data were analyzed using SPSS software and Chi-Square test the P£0.05 was considered to be significant.Results: Prevalence of erectile dysfunction was 35.1%. Prevalence rate of erectile dysfunction was 25.8% and 36.7% in type 1 and type 2 diabetic patients, respectively (P<0.05). Prevalence of mild, moderate and severe erectile dysfunction was 5.6%, 19.6% and 10%, respectively. Prevalence of erectile dysfunction reached from 9.7% in men aged 20-30 years to 35% in those aged over 60 years (P<0.05). In comparison with reporting diabetes lasting£5 years (25.4%), prevalence of erectile dysfunction was less than those reported diabetes 6-11 years (34.3%) and 12-30 years (43.5%) (P<0.05). Erectile dysfunction increased significantly in those who had poor glycemic control. Prevalence of erectile dysfunction in good, fair and poor glycemic control was 28.4%, 39% and 44.4%, respectively (P<0.05).Conclusion: This study showed that good glycemic control and reducing the cigaret smoking are necessary to reduce prevalence of erectile dysfunction in diabetic men. 

Background and Objective: Success rate of IVF depends on infertility factors and its treatment cycle. Different methods of treatment and different centers have reported various rates of success. The aim of this study was to evaluate the fertility outcome after IVF and related factors.Materials and Methods: This descriptive analytic study was performed on 150 infertile couples following IVF in Montaserieh Infertility Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, North - East of Iran during 2001-06. Data was collected by a questionnaire including woman's age, husband's age, infertility factor, spermogram, infertility period, the number of follicles caused by treatment, the number of oocytes, the number of produced and transferred fetus and treatment outcomes. Data was analyzed by SPSS software and Chi-square, t-studen test, One-way ANOVA and logistic regression.Results: The mean age of women was 29.7±5.4. The mean±SD follicles oocytes and transferred fetus were 11±6, 6±3.9 and 2.6±1.5 respectively. There was significant relation between the number of follicles (P<0.05), obtained oocytes (P<0.05) and transfered fetus (P<0.05) with the success rate of IVF. The fertility rate was 24.6%. There was no significant relation between the age groups and fertility rate.Conclusion: This study showed that ovarian response to ovulation stimulation and the number of transferred fetus are the important and effective factors for predicting the outcomes of IVF. 

Background and Objective: Anthropometric indeces are the best methods for determining of malnutrition and obesity in children and young adulescent worldwide. This study was designed to compare the physical growth status between Turkman and non-Turkman in rural area in Gorgan in North of Iran.Materials and Methods: This cross - sectional descriptive was done on 551 children of 2-5 years of age, Turkman and 895 of non-Turkman in the rural area of Gorgan North of Iran during autumn 2005. Height, weight and personal identification recorded by questioners. BMI percentile and under -1sd ,-2sd and -3sd from NCHS used for comparison. Data were analyzed by using Chi-Square and T-student tests.Results: Mean±SD of height in female Turkman and non-Turkman were 95.3±8.1 and 90.5±8.4 cm respectivly means±SD of height were 96.0±7.6 and 90.9±8.6 cm in Turkman and non-Turkman, respectively. Male childrens mean±SD of weight in were 14.5±2.4 and 14.2±2.9 and in male Turkman and non-Turkman children respectively. Also means±SD of weight were 15.0±2.03 and 14.5±2.3 cm in Turkman and non-Turkman male children, respectively. Turkman children are about 426 gram heavier and 4.9 cm taller than non-Turkman in all of age groups (P<0.05). Stunting and underweight were observed in 13.2% and 1.9% in Turkman group less than non-Turkman respectively by -2sd criterion. There was a significant differences between two groups by stunting (P<0.05). Obesity and overweight exist in Turkman group 24.5% and 2.6% less than in non-Turkman respectively. The difference in obesity statistically was significant between two groups (P<0.05). Underweight was shown in female more than male (7.2% vs 4.2%) and obesity in female less than male (25.6% vs 28.9%).Conclusion: This study showed that secular growth in two groups is incompatible and it is better in Turkman group than non-Turkman group. Malnutrition in Turkmans was less than Non-Turkmans children. 

Background and Objective: Leptospirosis is a zoonosis that is more common in tropical and semitropical regions and is endemic in Guilan province. In endemic region, only a limited number of pathogenic serovars are common, characterization of them is very important step in detecting the main reservoir(s) of the disease. This study was performed to isolate leptospires from rice farms, irrigation canals and rivers of eastern part of flat area of Guilan province to detect main endemic serotypes of leptospirosis.Materials and Methods: In this descriptive and cross - sectional study samples were taken from 8 cities of the area of Guilan province, Noth of Iran between May to September of 2007. Two ml of any processed water sample was inoculated in liquid EMJH medium with 200mg/ml 5-flurouracil after filtration, were incubated in 30oc for 3 monthes, and were checked by darkfiel microscopy every two weeks. All positive samples were serotyped by using 30 type antisera which were main representative of serogroups.Results: 47 0f 320 specimens were positive and 273 samples were negative. One saprophytic specie (Biflexa) including two serogroups (Andamana, and Semaranga) and three pathogenic species (Interrogans, Kireshnerii, and Boirgpetersenii) including 6 serogroups were detected Icterohaemorrhagiae, Pomona, and canicola of interrogans, Hardjobovis and Sejroea of Borgpeterseni pecie, Grippotyphosa of Kircshneri. Non-pathogenic serogroups were found from surface water, but the pathogenic serogroup were detected only from rice farm water.Conclusion: The high incidence of leptospirosis in rual area concide with seasonal rice cultivation, which can be due to trafic of domestic animal in rice farms and elevation temprature, and activity of rice farm water with subsequent presence of pathogenic type and serotypes in rice farm. 

Background and Objective: In recent years, chitosan and Moringa oleifera Coagulant Protein a natural coagulant were used in order to reduce the problems occure from chemical coagulants. This investigation was done to determine effectiveness of Moringa Oleifera Coagulant Protein and Chitosan as natural coagulant aids in removal of colloidal particles and bacteria from turbid waters.Materials and Methods: In this interventional- quasi experimental study, the experiments were run by using synthetic water having low (10-20NTU), medium (100-120NTU) and high (200-220NTU) initial turbidities. In order to determine optimum pH and dosage of coagulant and coagulant aids, a conventional jar test apparatus was employed. Turbidity reading were carried out using a Hach model 2100P Turbidimeter. The samples were taken from the top four inch of the suspension for turbidity and bacteria removal measurement.Results: Optimum dose of alum for waters with three different initial turbidities were 20, 40, and 20 mg/l, respectively. Optimum pH was between 7-7.5. Moringa oleifera Coagulant Protein and chitosan were reduced the required dosage of alum from 12.5% to 62.5% and from 50% to 87.5%, respectively, in different turbidities and residual aluminum was reduced to standard limit (0.2mg/l). The bacteria removal efficiency was from 90% to 99.9999%. It was found when samples were stored during 24 hours; regrowth of E.coli was not observed.Conclusion: This study showed that natural coagulant aids can reduce the turbidity to below 5NTU without filtration in optimum condition. 

Background and Objective: Nightshift working has negative physical, psychological and social effects on personal life of nurses and in the long run, with subsequent health and complication. This survey was done to study the effect of sleeplessness on general health of nightshift nurses in hospitals of Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran, during 2008.Materials and Methods: In this descriptive study, 124 subjects with suitable condition were selected through a census from among 615 nightshift working nurses in hospitals of Golestan University of medical sciences. Data were collected by delivering questionnaire and it included one questionnaire of personal information and two questionnaires about effects of sleeplessness and general health (GHQ-28).Results: Effect of sleeplessness, in the maximum percent of nurses (55.6%) were moderate and in the minimum percent (2.4%) were low. Mean±SD the sleepness rate was moderate (58±9). Also, the results of general health showed that most of them (60.6%) had favorable general health and 2.5% of subjects had unfavorable general health. There was a significant correlation between sleepness, effect and general health of nurses in addition. There was also a meningfull sleeplessness correlation between sleepness effect with age, employment history and nightschieft time table (P<0.05). Conclusion: This study showed that sleepness, negatively, effect on general health of nightschieft nurses, it is suggested, there should a properly organized sleep time table for the nightchieft nurses. 

Background and Objective: Esophageal and gastric cancers are among the most prevalent cancers in the world which cause a high mortality rate annually. Several risk factors are supposed for them. Water hardness is considered as a protective factor against above cancers. This ecologic study was designed to determine the correlation between water hardness and upper gastrointestinal cancers.Materials and Methods: In this ecological study data on water components in Golestan's urban areas were obtained during 2004-05 and the averages were reported. All cases of esophageal and gastric cancers resided in urban areas which were diagnosed during this period were recruited to estimate the incidence and age standardized rates (ASR). The province was divided into low, intermediate and high incidence, based on 33% and 66% quartiles of both cancers. Pearson correlation coefficient test and regression model were used to analyze the data.Results: The water hardness was in the normal standard range permitted for the drinking water, and did not have any relation with the risk of esophageal and gastric cancers.Conclusion: This study showed that water hardness has no effect on the incidence of esophageal and gastric cancer in this area. 

Background and Objective:leishmaniasis is a Zoonotic disease that is transmited by sandfly to human. This study were carried out in order to demonstrate some ecological characters of leishmaniasis vectors in Kalaleh district, Golestan province ,Iran, during 2006-07.Materials and Methods: In present study 6 villages were selected. Sandfly were collected by sticky traps. 3 places were sampled in each village and in each places 20 traps were installed. After sampling collection, we used diagnostic criteria to identify the Sandflies, also confirmed human cases were recorded according to the months of identification.Results: 4900 sandflies were detected in 6 villages and 12 species of sandflies were identified, which including P.papatasi, P.mongolensis, P.caucasicus, P.caucasicus group, P.sergenti, P.alexandri, P.kazeroni, P.brevis, P.(adlerius) sp, S.sintoni, S.clydei, S.sogdiana). P.papatasi was predominant species in indoor places (46.1%) and S.sintoni was in outdoor places (36.7%). Sandflies activities extended from early May through mid October with two peaks in mid June and September. Human infection had a important peak in January. During the collection of sandflies, the species of P.alexandri, P.kazeroni, P.brevis, P.(Adlerius sp.), S.clydei and S.sogdiana were collected for the first time from this area.Conclusion: In this study, P.papatasi was the predominant species in this area. Sandflies second activity peak occured in September that is crucial for transmission of disease. The incubation period for this disease was four months.