Yafteh
Year:2001 | Volume:2 | Issue:6-7|Papers Count:16

The Implement of surgical operations is generally followed by inevitable related complications. Proper selection of patients for surgery, applying better techniques and above all, the post operative cares are among the points that should be taken into account to prevent surgical complications. Thorax ,regarding the elements and viscera in side it , such as heart ,lungs ,venae cavae (large veins), esopnagus, trachea..., is a & uitablesite which can be affected by injuries and damages, partially irreparable, if it is taken no notice of the above mentioned predisposing factors.One of the most routine procedures of thoracic surgeries is chest -tube drain insertion. Apart from functioning and specifications of this sort of drain, one of its most important complications is air leakage which may show itself in the forms of severe air leakage moderate air leakage and mild air leakage.Other complications that can be occurred during or after the chest -tube placement are: bleeding of intercostals arteries, subcutaneous emphysema, and lung’s parenchyma tearing and unilaleral pulmonary edema.Of course there are certain complications that are less common, including. Unwanted removal of the chest -tube, suture of the chest -tube to the chest wall, rupture of sub clavian artery and lung's parenchyma tearing which are discussed briefly in the full article.

Alopecia areata is defined as: regional hair loss that is reversible in certain cases. It's prevalence in referral patients with dermal complaints in Americais 2%. But alopecia cicatricial which associated with scar is irreversible. About 90% of the cases are not in normal psychological position.Regarding the excess of referral children with hair loss to the clinc this descriptive study was carried out to determine the prevalence of alopecia areat and cictricial primary students of khorramabad in 1999-2000.The samples size were 5340 including 50.5% females and 495% males. The prevalence of alopecia areata in females and males was 0/5%, 0/3%, and about alopecia cicatricial in females and males, it was 16.34%, 12.80% respectively.From the total patients 16.67% of them were studding in district one and 12.8% in district two of Khorramabad administration of education. About 0.58% of alopecia areata cases were in grade three and 21.5% of alopecia cicatricia cases were ingrade one. The most common site of involvement was on head. The average size of the lesions was 0.93.

Among the accidents which endager human health, burns are considered as the most severe ones. When skin is damaged, pathogenic agents attack the body and after a short time burn wounds are infected by resistant microorganisms, that is the most important cause of the mortality in burned patients. The present study was carried out to determine the outbreak rate of infection in burn wounds of the hospitalized patients, as well as, to access a proper treatment procedure based on pathogenic factors which cause infection.This descriptive study was done within six months on all the hospitalized patients (82) in the burn ward of Shohadaye Ashayer Hospital in Khorramabad (Iran).The instrument for collecting data was a questionnaire and the results of the tissue cultures which were taken from the wounds in two phases in the sterile condition, the first time one week and the second time two weeks after burning. The size of samples was one centimeter .The tissue cultures were processed in the mere unaerobic and aerobic in the temperature of 37°C. Samples with 105 colony per gr tissue were considered as infected samples, in addition the type of microoganisms developed in the samples were indentified . Also items such as: age, gender, type of bum, and the relation of some of them with the infection were identified. Findings showed that 33 patients had 30-40% of burned surfaces: The tissue culture was positive. Among these, 72% had infected with pseudomonas aeroginosa and the rest had infected with E.Coli, staphylococcus, candidacies, and proteous .Among all the patients, 5 persons died. These patients had more than 35% burned surface and their wounds were infected. The average burned surface of the infected patients was 43.6% and the average burned surface among patients without infection was 25%. The statistical operation (pV=O) showed that there is a significant difference between the percentage of burned surface and the occurrence of infection.The most common factor coursing infection in the burn wounds was pseudomonad that matches with the results of the other studies. There was also a significant relationship between the percentage of burned surface and-the occurrence of infection Regarding the much attention and notice to the identification of infection using tissue culture, we suggest that the treatment of infection in burned patients should be done based on this test and the type of microorganisms cousing infection.

Enlargement of the thyroid, or goiter, is the most common manifestation of thyroid disease. Multinodular goiter can produce the most extreme thyroid enlargements and is more frequently mistaken for neoplastic involvement than any other form of thyroid disease. Multinodular goiter is a benign disease but foci of malignant changes may exist in it that can't be diagnosed by physical examination, ultrasonography or radioisotope scanning and only after removal of gland by surgery and pathologic examination is diagnosed. The object of this study is relative frequency evaluation of carcinoma in multinodular goiter specimens that removed by surgery and sent for pathologic examination.Total and subtotal thyroidectomy specimens belonged to 278 Patients with previous multinodular goiter diagvosis was evaluated. Specimens with malignant change foci have suspected positive and histologic type and malignant differentiation grade obtained. From 278 Specimens which were evaluated, 14 specimens had malignant changes associated with malt nodular goiter. Relative frequency of carcinoma in 8 evaluated pecimens was 5% in females and2.4% in males. The most frequent kind of carcinoma associated with maltinodular goiter was papillary carcinoma.Multinodular goiter disease can have malignant changes in the form of latent carcinoma which is diagnosed only after pathologic evaluation.

The direct relation between physical stability of oral cotrimaxazole’s suspension and Consumed dose in each time is considerable.To implement this research, different tests carried out including: measurements of PH microscopic observation, reologic characteristics and degree of flocculation.Results showed that polymers like microclystalline cellulose and P.E.G each of them individually encouraged crystal growth, but blend of P.E.G and P.V.P behaved differently in addition modified viscosity of the suspension.It is necessary for cotrimaxazole’s suspension to be converted from a deflocculated to flocculated state by using polymers. A blend of P.V.P and P.E.G exerted their effect by entrapping the cotrimaxazole particles in their gell like network. This encouraged formation of bridge between adjacent particles, but the whole surface of the solid was not coated, so that cross liking occurred on storage, besides no crystal growth was see consequently ,flocculated suspension sediments rapidly, but it will be homogenized shaking.

One of the common ways to study the nutritional status of primary students is evaluation of their weight and height percentiles. In this study 7258 students out of the total number of them were selected using cluster -randomized sampling and their weight and height were compared with NCHS standards.Results showed that the fiftieth percentile of the boys and girls, weight in the age group of 7-12 is on the twenty - fifth percentile of NCHS standards and they are even placed under this percentile by increasing their age.This difference observed more on the weight of the children than their height, so that, their height at the end of percentile period was on the third percentile of the NCHS standards. The percentage of the children who are under the third percentile of NCHS weight becomes more with increase in age, and it reaches 27% at 12 years old. The same status is observed about height too, so that at the age of 12 about 40% of the children placed under the third percentile of NCHS height.Findings of this study are in accord with the results of the studies carried out in Qazvin and Isfahan, and show that Iranian children keep distance with standard amounts of weight and height as their age increases. In general all Iranian children, at any age, have lower weight and height than standard values.

Malaria is one of the most important common parasitic contagious diseases in the tropical regions of the world. Iran with a various climate situated in endemic region of the world map for malaria expanse and despite the years of fighting against malaria, it's considered as one of the most important health problems in east south parts of the country.In this interventional and field trial study chich was carried out in the Siaho area, (Bandar-Abbas ,south of Iran) during 1997 to 1998, the efficacy of Lambdacyhalothrin smeared mosquito net was compared to that of untreated in villages, on malaria control. Six villages with a total population of 4674 and 2 villages with a total population of 1527 were used as treatment and control respectively.The nylon mosquito nets smeared with target dosage of 25 mg active ingredient (AI)/m2, in early April, by local he81thworkers.Results showed that the maximum catch of anopheline was at 11 o’ clock at night when the people were sleeping undr the mosquito nets.The use of smeared mosquito nets has significant effect on the incidence of malaria and positive slide but no significant effect was observed in parous rate human and animal blood behavior and indoor resting density of vectors.The mortality of anopheles stephensi brought in contact with the treated nets for 3 mins in bioassay dropped to less than 90% after 3 months. In south of Iran with different vectors exophilic and endophagic habit, long transmission season, the use of smeared mosquito net whit pyrethroid compounds with other integrated control programs and residual spraying should be used.

One of the health problems in public places such as barber- shops is the men’s hairdressers ignorance of principle of health in theirs profession, there for many hairdressers do not pay attention to disinfection of their instruments and many of them reuse the disposable materials. This condition is proper and suitable for transfer of many microorganisms and may cause diseases such as: Aids, Hepatitis B,C and fungal and viral disease. In this descriptive research, we studied the rate rd methods that hairdressers use to disinfect their tools in Sanandaj barber-shops. Sampels of this study were181 men's barber-shops in Sanandaj . Data was collected using a questionnaire and a checklist and finally we used the software of spss-win to analyse the data.Results showed that 6.2% of the hairdressers do not use any disinfectant method. About the methods of disinfection and kind of disinfectant materials the study showed, that 53.6% use spirit purner, 34.40%, use sawloon and a few of them applied formalin or autoclave .Considering the, ethod of disinfection we found out that, 65.7% of the hairdressers use physical methods of  disinfection and 54% use chemical methods of disinfection properly. In addition to this, the characteristics of disinfectants from the viwe point of concentration, retention time and expired date vere 63%, 46.5% and 57.5% respectively, that is considered to be in acceptable ranges.

In spite of advances in modem medicine and the control of infectious diseases in middle of the 20 th century, injuries have emerged as a main threat to the state of being well and health of children and adolescents. Despite the evidences, the epidemiology of the problem and proper strategies are not yet fully understood. In this cross -sectional study 17 primary state schools with 4597 students were selected by using cluster -random sampling in scholar year 1998-1999.In this period 89 injuries were reported-and incidence rate of school injuries was calculated 19 per 1000 students per year. The injuries more occurred in boys and students of the fourth and fifth grade in comparison with other sex and grades (P<0.01).The rate of injuries in afternoon is higher than morning and the first 2 days of the week, but this difference wasn't statistically significant.Results showed that the most common locations of injury were paly grounds (50.5%).To fall down on the ground and falling off the heights was the most frequent cause of injury (46.5%). Head and face were the most common injured parts of the body (56.1%). Swelling, contusion and abrasion were among the most frequent injuries (74.1%).

The most important points in treatment of burns are hospitalization duration, costs of treatment, the number of personnel, and compositions reduction after recovery, which must be considered in limbs burns especially axial ones. In this clinical trial study, the effect of a treating, method (Biological dressing with Amnion) on healing process, amount of infection and pain of burn wounds were studied .In this study 40 patients with second degree burns of non-axial limbs were studied the samples were selected using Poisson sampling method. The method of working was to provide Amnion from women's placenta that had been undergone cesarean surgery. Then after tests of, Hepatitis B, Aids, Syphilis and culture were put on patient's wound who were research subjects. During different days the status of the wounds in terms of healing, were studied. Pain severity was controlled using checklist and in the case of appearing probable signs of infection culture of blood and wound secretion were processed at the same time, and infection rate were studied. The average time for complete healing of bums in the subjects was 12.03 days, while in the other existent statistics the healing time of burn with partial thickness were more than three weeks.Pseudomonas infection of the bums in the patients under study was 2.5%.whilein the other presented study there has been 9% pseudomonas infection as well as pain reduction is also observed among the subjects.The results of the study shows using biological dressing (Amnion) in second degree burns causes rapid healing of the wound. Revealing infection in dressing is less than 2.5%. Some of the patient who were dressed in this way, wanted analgesic drugs that the reason may be related to terminal nerves covering and adherence of Amnion to the wounds.