PAZHUHESH-E ZABANHA-YE KHAREJI
Year:2006 | Volume:- | Issue:30|Papers Count:13

Even though, the first acquaintance of the west with eastern literature and culture was mixed with doubt and hesitations, the negative prejudgments of the west (gradually) faded away, particularly during the Age of Enlightenment, with the discovery of the richness of eastern literature. In the meantime, the Romantic Period of the east turned as a source of inspiration for scholars and literary figures of the west. Herder was one of the pioneers of the intellectual movement inclined to the culture and literature of the east in German Literature. His ideas had a profound impact on Goethe's beliefs regarding the East. At the beginning the East was an escape for Goethe from the turbulant west. His acquaintance with Hafiz's Anthology laid the ground for a mystic and fanciful journey into the east.    

Latin American countries have always been creating literary and artistic methods, and have been able to introduce their culture to the world. People in these countries have tried not to lose their own tradition and culture, but on the contrary, use them to create new styles. Now, we can see the emergence of particular styles that shines in their literature. In the last five decades two suitable styles have appeared, "Magical Realism" and "Wonderful Realism" which has attracted people's attention. Although these styles are two contrary styles, yet both match with "reality". Only the narrators of these stories with their varied view points, for each style, can be the creator of this paradoxical genre: "Wonderful Realism" or "Magical Realism". This research is focused on the naming and the difference between these styles. For obtaining this aim, two famous literary works, "Hundred Years of Solitude" by Gabriel Garcia Marquez and "The Domain of this World" by Alejo Carpentier, have been selected and the difference between them has been studied.      

The rewriting of a literary work, which has always been discussed in literature, is both connected with intertextuality and the transcriber's creativity. An example of this kind is a novel: The Monk written by Antonin Artaud in imitation of The Monk, by Matthew G. Lewis the complete simulacrum of an eighteenth century English text by a twentieth century French writer who considers his work a feat of skill. The present article is an attempt to show the existing differences and similarities between these two novels concerning their structure, choice of title, style, level of language, etc. This investigation might also be considered as a strategy for such novels which are, in fact, the rewriting of a previous text. Such simulacra cannot be completely regarded as unimportant. Can the writer of these literary pieces possibly be called the creator of new works?        

The impact of language on mass Medias like television and radio and its subsequent impact on society and people's dialect has necessitated this language to be rhetorical and alterable as far as possible; unfortunately this necessity is not observed in most of the programs, specially in the case of translation. The language of scientific, literary, narrative, artistic and even sometimes news programs are full of gross mistakes, errors and faults. There are far too many questions posed in this field; what is the amount of understanding of the translators for the concepts propounded in foreign programs? What is the amount of accuracy in Persian equivalents of the source or scientific languages phrases and expressions? Where do errors and mistakes originate in translations? However there is a question: is the original text deficient, or is the translator not skilled enough, or the narrators not perceptive. In this paper an effort will be made to cover these topics and present a possible solution.      

The concepts which are touched upon in the present paper are as follows: The beginning of real familiarity of the French with Iran through itineraries of famous explorers of the 17thcentury and other works written about the East, Iran and Islam; The focus of the writers and philosophers of Age of Enlightenment Iranian culture/civilization and distribution of this culture to Europe; the influence of the great scholars of Persian Literature on the famous writers of this age; their special attention to Voltaire and Sa'adi; Voltaire using Sa'adi' s techniques of eloquence and punctuality; mixing imagination with reality, and prose with poetry; using historical characters; distribution of Sa'adi's thoughts such as kindness, cheerfulness, religious remissness, humanism, criticism of the real world and searching for the desired one; other relationships between Sa'adi and Voltaire, etc.      

The purpose of this article is to study reciprocal verbal constructions in Persian and Spanish L2, to particularize the similitude and differences that exist between these languages. We should be able to analyze how both languages count with verbs that express reciprocities relation in natural and intrinsic ways and how by using the performs we can express a mutual relation by using a verb that doesn't express reciprocity in intrinsic ways for natural way. These two classes of words are called reciprocate and pseudo- reciprocate. As a result we have established another deviation of each one of these types as follows: marked reciprocate, no marks reciprocate, marked pseudo- reciprocate and no marked reciprocate. Equally we would study most conflictive cases of ambiguity that can present these structures.      

This paper is an attempt to introduce and review the third piece of the poetic collection of "Imitations of the Koran" by Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin which was compiled under the influence of the concepts of the Holy Koran. Using these concepts great Russian writers have produced immortal works. These series of works, despite their attractions to eastern readers, have not received sufficient attention of Iranian translators and scholars for unknown reasons. The poetry collection of "Imitations of the Koran" by Pushkin is one of its most remarkable and beautiful ones which has been versified under the influence of the concepts of different verses of Surah (chapter) Abas. In this paper, while presenting a concise analysis of Puskhin's life, the Russian eminent poet of the 19thcentury and analyzing the third piece of the 9-part collection of" Imitations of the Koran" , efforts are made to show how verses of the holy Koran were the source of inspiration and formation of this piece. These poems reflect the psychological conditions of Puskhin in the hard periods of exile in the north of Russia in Mikhailovskaya village. By using the Koran's concepts and versifying these poems, he helped to reinforce his spirit and increase hope for his freedom.      

In the process of analyzing German and Persian literature one can see the style of "Story Novel" which is an Eastern style and has reached European literature through Iran although in the two countries they have been used for different aims and purposes. This style created a new genre in literature in Europe and was immediately distinguished as one of the characteristics of the novel. According to some scholars, the "Eagle Theory" was necessary for a novel, which others such as Storm and Theodor did not believe in. Goethe asserted that a novel should consist of an event which had not been heard before (Honvise, 1971, P.5) In Persian literature, story in story style was employed in novels as a psychotherapy, where as, Europeans used it for a different popose. This difference is also noticeable in different eras of European literature.    

The aim of this article is to study the meaning and what symbolizes the mask, the double and the other, in some literary works of the Mexican poet and writer Octavio Paz. The focus of this study will be mostly on his Nobel Prize winning work El laberinto de la soledad, essay entitled: Vida y pensamiento de Mexico (Life and thought of Mexico). Octavio Paz finds the true identity of the Mexican people hidden in the mask, the double and the other by studying their behavior in the national and religious ceremonies such as the fiesta, the obscene scream and cult to the dead. It is in these ceremonies, where according to Paz, the Mexican reveals his true identity.    

The article first studies the personal and literary life of Theodore Dostoyevsky, and considering those conditions of the writer's life it looks for reasons of his religious tendencies which has led him to create religious and philosophical works. Then it elaborates on reasons for the writer's interest towards The Qur'an, the heavenly book with which he became familiar with while in exile. Close contact with the orientalists, being interested in the East and under the influence of literary works of 19th century about religion of Islam and the Holy prophet of Islam (PBUH), Dostoyevsky was encouraged to bring some Islamic concepts in his works. The reflection of the influence of Islamic literary works starts with The Twin, and ended with the last volume of The Writer's Notes. In The Twin and Notes of the House of the Dead through the use of some Islamic concepts Dostoyevsky expresses his opinions about the Holy Prophet of Islam (PBUH) and Jesus Christ's (PBUH) prophecy. Dividing the character of the hero of The Twin into two parts, the real and the imaginary Mr. Gal Yadkin, Dostoyevsky has indicated that immoral behaviors like deception, hypocrisy, and violence result in manifestation of problems for the honorable, humble and honest people in society. In the Notes of The House of the Dead documenting on the Quranic verses he speaks of the prophecy of Jesus Christ (PBUH) and his miracles, a thing which is indicative of the influence of Muslims on Dostoyevsky with whom he had contacts while he was in exile.