PAZHUHESH-E ZABANHA-YE KHAREJI
Year:2005 | Volume:- | Issue:22|Papers Count:12

AlIthough historical drama in Germany had an identity before the epoch of "Storm and Revolt", yet, it did not hold a special position in German Literature. During this epoch, German historical drama reached its peak by using the plays of Shakespeare as a model and inspiration. Parallel to Goethe, were other dramatists like Kleist and Shciller who also contributed immensely to the growth of the historical drama. During the Classical and Romantic period, the historical drama of Germany continued to be written. However, Shakespeare's influence in the next few epoches gradually started to decline and only prevailed until the beginning of the era of technology and modernism. Nonetheless the writers of different ages of Germany were inspired by Shakespeare to create historical dramas.

Realistic literature, the basis for contmporary literature, aims at representation of truthfulness and reality. Before world war II, the dispute between fascism and anti-fascism became the decisive factor for social and political life. After the defeat of fascism the new dispute between socialism and imperialist capitalism once again become dominant in world politics and thus the makers of the cold-war aimed to divide humanity into two rival camps. After the defeat of socialism, Imperialism became the dominant thought. For a critical evaluation of Realism and Modernism one must take into consideration its form and dialectics. The political upheavels were like a shadow over the literature of the age, which writers displayed in their writings, as in the formulation of literary characters who suffer from mental disorders, or ultimately some writers may have chosen nihilism as a literary style.

A brief and historical sketch is given of the history of the poet laureate of Great Britain. Mr. Motion's life, education and activities are also discussed in brief. The English version of his poem, "The Letter" is given with, comments, analytical views and translation in Persian. It was the same poem that won £5000 from the poetry competition held by Arvon Foundation and the Observer in 1981. "The Letter" was selected as the best out of 35000 poems. Mr. Motion's views about himself, his poems and the other poets are given as a conclusion to the article.

The Romantic Age is a literary age that absorbs all readers of literature. Amongst the Romantic Poets, a poet who has always carried away the readers sympathy due to his tragic life and early death is none other than John Keats, a member of the younger generation of Romantic Poets. He never allowed his fatal illness to be a barrier to his poetic life, on the contrary, his illness, and his anticipation of his own early death provided a strong base for his writings. By the young age of 23 he had already written his great odes and a bulk of other poems affiliated to the subject of either mythology or middle-ages. Like all writers he wrote on various themes, out of which the most outstanding was Death. This paper explores reasons why he was attracted to this theme, and that this theme is related to three of his works: Ode to a Nightingale, Ode to Melancholy, La Belle Dame Sans Merci.

Stefan Zweig, the famous Austrian writer (1881-1942) is one of the writers who was under the influence of Freud's psychology. He used Freud's psychoanalytic theories into his stories and exploited them perfectly. In this article, three samples of his stories are being analyzed in all of which psychoanalytic theories have been applied. The main character of the first story is a woman. The psychological and mental conflicts of this middle-aged woman is depicted in a way that her loneliness causes a number of unorthodox events, and at last, she can obtain her serenity by expressing what had always disturbed her. The main character in the second story is a man. The mental states of this aristocrat implies that he is despaired of life because of losing his next of kin and also his friend's betrayal, he does not enjoy life, lives an isolated life and has his life dramatically changed after an amazing night. The existence of the woman and her penetrating look and other events which happen in that night, take him back to life and make him get rid of his indifference towards the others. The main character in the third story is a 12-year-old child who is in the beginning of his puberty. The psychological state of mind of this child reveals that he curiously wants to discover the secrets between the two opposite sex.

The attempt of this essay is to interpret Igbal's view about women. Having studied Allameh Igbal's Persian and Urdu collections, which includes speeches and declarations, readers realize that women in the works of Igbal are discussed under various sub-headings such as: self-awareness, education, hejab, freedom, and the west. Since Igbal was faithful follower of Islam and the Holy Qoran, through his religious believes he attributes due respect to women. He believes that every woman as a mother has great responsibilities, as her guidance can be decisive for a particular society. Thus he considers Hazrat-e-Fatimeh Zahra as an appropriate example of the ideal woman, and that all women who wish to attain salvation should follow the path of Hazrat-e-Fatimeh Zahra.

The method of Grammer-Translation, which originally consists of two separate parameters: Teaching Grammer and Translation, has so far been studied as a physical platform. Knowing the history of this kind of teaching method means precisely understanding its specifications and different capabilities in accelerating the content transmission. Perceiving how to create, develop and make profound the written abilities of language in real environment of learning helps to use the method of Grammer-Translation in e-platform in suitable and effective ways. In learning especially in language learning, using the physical environment of teaching or using the specific method is not very important, but the main issue is to what degree can we arrive to the supposed goals of language learning courses. In the present article application of the method of Grammer Translation has been comparitively carried out for physical and e-platform.

With the increasing importance given to compiling of dictionaries, we have carried out active research on the existing condition and quality of Russian-Persian dictionaries, and how to improve its quality. Our research investigation shows lack of quality and deficiencies in the Russian-Persian dictionary and this can be a rather acute and critical problem since explanatory dictionaries (bilingual dictionaries) grammatical dictionaries and contextual dictionaries are the basic linguistic resources in any language. Thus a poor quality dictionary can directly effect translation teaching methodologies, mechanical translation, and composition. Therefore taking into consideration the increasing usage of dictionaries and having investigated the existing state of dictionaries, an attempt has been made to find suitable methods, and to motivate notable research in compiling dictionaries, and thereby establish a reputed research study in this area.

It is well-known that both Russian and Farsi languages typologically belong to the same family. They have many common features in morphological and syntactic structure point of view. The Complement, as a part of a sentence, is a syntactic subject, which is studied in both languages. Taking a general definition of the complement, as a word which adds some meanings to the another word, one can determine attribute, adverbial modifier, and appositive as the complement in the structure of Russian sentences. In the present paper the essence of the complement and their types in the Russian grammar, compared to Persian language, is investigated.

In the historical domain of linguistics, many studies have been carried out in order to determine the first initiative of man to teach and learn a foreign language. In this kind of research, linguists and language teaching researchers used sources that are centered on the history of different nations. In this research, the first initiative of man to teach a foreign language is variously reported. In the book Twenty-Five Centuries of Language Teaching: 500 BC by Louis G Kelly, the retrospective of foreign language teaching dates back to five centuries before the start of the Christian era; in other documents, to the beginning of the Roman Empire and Antiquity. In Evolution of the Language Teaching: 5000 Years of History, Claude Germain, on the basis of the book History Starts in Sumer (Samuel Kramer, 1956), studies Sumerian civilization and concludes that the teaching and learning of foreign language started fifty centuries ago. Therefore, this study tends to investigate the history of the foreign language teaching at the time of the Sumerians, the teaching of Hieratique language at the time of the Egyptians, the teaching of the traditional Greek in ancient Greece, the teaching of the Greek to the Romans and the teaching of Latin.