PAZHUHESH-E ZABANHA-YE KHAREJI
Year:2005 | Volume:- | Issue:23|Papers Count:13

From Pierre Guiraud"s point of view everything is sign and semiotics, which is the science of signs, and includes all man"s knowledge and experience. Therefore, many of man"s mental activities can be studied within the framework of semiotic principles. Poetry due to its artistic codes and aesthetic messages entails a complicated system of signs. This paper is a semiotic-structuralist approach to Akhavan Salis"s "Winter", and is based on the assumption that the poet is the maker of signs, and conveys his meaning to the reader by using signs and their relationship with each other. The kind of signs used in "Winter", their coherence, their syntagmatic and paradigmatic relations, their arrangement and the combination of the poetic images all move toward a poetic unity, and thus, enables the poet to convey his ideas to the reader in the most beautiful way.

In the Eighteenth Century, German literature grew and developed in the light of Enlightenment thought and flowered in a beautiful and didactic manner. From the beginning of the Age of Enlightenment, Gottsched was under the influence of Liebniz and Wolff"s rationalistic thought. Following these two philosophers, Gottsched considered literary activity"s sole purpose to help the growth of human reason in the direction of morality. Gottsched"s disciples accorded feeling and imagination a place next to reason and so the literature of the Age of Enlightenment entered a new stage. Men of letters who believed in Pietism started to purify their souls in order to be more moral and attain happiness. Writers who created works of sentiment believed finesse and elegance of feeling and affection to be necessary for moral happiness. Lessing, who was both a writer and a philosopher, put literature to the service of spreading religious tolerance and social criticism. Some of the men of letters of the Enlightenment started to write fables because they found this genre an appropriate manner to educate man and also a tool for social criticism. In conclusion we must mention that man"s moral and social education was the common purpose of all the men of letters of the Enlightenment.

The Victorian Age in England is the Age of the Novel, as the bulk of different kinds of novel was written during this age. Most of the works of the age reflect the social and political crises of the age. Thomas Hardy one of the eminent writers of the age was greatly influenced by the thoughts and ideas of Charles Darwin, and this influence was obviously reflected in his writings. Most of his novels discuss the relationship between men and women, and then the disparity that exists in the novels between men and women. In this paper, three major works of Thomas Hardy have been explored: The Return of the Native, Jude the Obscure, and Tess of the D"Urbervilles. The above novels show the writer"s sympathetic inclination towards the male protagonists, and this has often raised a question for both readers and critics: Is Hardy a misogynist or is he simply reflecting Victorian attitude towards women?

Although Tieck, a great 19th century German literary figure, is not a familiar name for us, he is regarded as an outstanding, well-known writer in his own homeland. He is an eminent writer of Romanticism similar to the Schlegel brothers, Novalis and Eichendorff, and even in certain genres such as Kunstmarchen he enjoys a unique, unmatched status. Tieck"s unfinished novel, Franz Sternbalds Wanderungen, is, in fact, a vehicle to express his views on art. In this book some real as well as fictional characters in perfectly developed situations elaborate on Tieck"s ideas about nature and art, introducing the former as the specific language for God and the latter for His chosen men. This stated common origin for art and nature and their relationship to God is the source of religious-oriented art as viewed by Tieck.

The general belief in Iran is that the people in the west including the scientists, philosophers, and literary figures have materialistic ideas and support secularism. The present author also seems to share this attitude about the westerners. Therefore; it was quite surprising to him to come across a short story whose general theme was the rejection of materialism and secularism and a contemplation about life in the next world. The title of this exceptionally fantastic short story is The Other Side of the Hedge. The main objective of the present article is to prove that the writer of the aforementioned short story renounces socialism as a viable system of thought and shows how such a system is alien to human nature

In modem literature, the condition of mankind is depicted using elements such as abnormality and folly. Realism, which tries to depict reality, is the literature of modem era in contemporary times. Realism is not only a style among other literary schools, but it is also the rudiment of literature, for other literary styles, particulary in recent centuries, have originated from reality or is conspicuously related to it. One can clearly witness this aspect of realism in the works of Franz Kafka, Thomas Mann and Bertold Brecht. Therefore, regarding authors ideology and choice of styles in their works, they are in and/or should deal with a very crucial and grave condition.

More than necessary attention has been given to methods of translation skills in literary texts, and its emphasis on transmission in reading and writing as a primary necessity of language teaching. This method has now as a teaching mode gradually come under critical attack. Changes and reforms of the 20thc. and its effects upon the goals of education required a new method to meet the taste of language learners and also fulfill the requirements of teaching goals. By using study phonetics as a branch of linguistics and the priority given to listening and speaking in language teaching, a new method by the name of Direct Learning has been set up. This method has so far been used in conventional teaching classes. This paper aims to present a comparative analysis between Direct learning in the conventional system and Direct learning in electronical approach.

Translating from English to Persian is a ubiquitous activity in Iranian academic and media spheres. The demand for huge amounts of translations results in a tendency in the mass media to employ cheap, unqualified translators which in turn harms the Persian language. This paper addresses two major points which are usually ignored in discussions about the influence of English on Persian. First, the scope of damages inflicted on Persian through poor translation is not limited to vocabulary, as is usually voiced. Larger chunks of language at paragraph and discourse level are more vulnerable and have to be protected, too. Secondly, it tries to warn that despite the prevalent phobia about using English words, it is not that harmful, provided that they are used by qualified translators in a calculated fashion

During the history of language, audio-visual and communicative methods have caused numerous problems, considering, in particular, that the interactive methods can be formulated in comparison with past methods such as: the teaching of grammar, translation and audio-visual methods. Abandoning these methods is justified by the tendency towards social interaction and communication, which is generally, accepted as the final goal of teaching languages. Comparing these approaches puts forth a number questions. For example is the main goal learning grammatical rules and structures and or is form prior to meaning or is it communication which matters. Furthermore, how similar are the principles of the two communication approaches and audio-visual methods regarding such issues as teacher centered classes, book-centeredness, or student-centeredness. The students" centeredness as apposed to teachers" center is a distinguishable characteristic of the communication approach. Therefore, the similarity and disparities of these two approaches can be revealed in different respects some of which are the importance of images, phonology, grammar, and the concept of teaching and learning (with reference to the four French methods) which will be discussed in this paper.

The relation between subject, object and complement on the basis of properties of verb and lack of this relation (lack of object or complement) causes the verb to be divided into two groups of active and passive in Persian language. The active verbs are verbs which cause the object or complement in a sentence. Vice versa, the passive verbs cannot have an object because of their valence property. In the past, passive verbs were used in the Persian language very sparingly. Nowadays however with the influence of foreign languages, the passive verbs are used more frequently. In these structures logical subject or subjective complement are mostly used. In active sentence, subject and in passive sentence complement with some words such as: by means of, received from, through, from, etc. are normally used.

This article tries to study the translation of Islamic terms in French and to identify their weak and strong points by analyzing valid and reliable dictionaries. One of the important indicators in the difference of the translation of texts is the existence of specialized terms. As a result, the translator of these texts should master these terms and use them appropriately. Applying transliteration and phonetics helps to a better understanding of subjects; therefore the students should be familiar with these rules and techniques. If transliteration rules are not observed then the reading of a text can be both difficult and incorrect. In transliterating, the Islamic names and terms, a different style from accepted styles of other sciences is used. Sorting and studying terms are the features of this article. For more detailed study of words and terms, different kinds of specialized dictionaries have been used.

Old Persian and Avestan are two intertwined branches from a collection of ancient Persian languages, the remains of which have been accessible to us. One of the features of these languages is their nominal declension. Each declined case of a noun, adjective and pronoun has its specific grammatical function, and meaning, determination of which is great importance to the understanding of the language. Pre- and postpositions acting on the case-forms also play their own roles; roles that become more and more salient as the language develops into an analytic structure. The subject of this essay is the "Accusative", which -occupying the second rank after the "Nominative"-is the most common case-form in the language of the cuneiform inscriptions of the Achaemenian kings