JOURNAL OF SUSTAINABLE GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT (THE ECONOMIC RESEARCH)
Year:2001 | Volume:1 | Issue:2|Papers Count:12

Economics has connections with the capitalistic system. A new condition for this system has emerged as a result of globalization. Here, it is argued that more nourishment and expansion of capitalism is expected in the course of the 21st century. One view, among others, holds that capitalism is uniform, universal system. Due to some mis-uses of the term capitalism, this article attempts to review and analyze different meanings and interpretations of capitalism in the course of its evolution.

Using the portfolio theory, this paper tries to analyze the effects of the proposed fixed rate of returns for financing various projects on the performance of Islamic banking and the profit of bank's depositors.Results show that deviation from Profit Loss Sharing method in Islamic banking and fixing the rates of returns by the Credit and Money Council ca use the departure of the banks from financing projects based on their expected income and risk and, consequently, results in a low performance of Islamic banking. In addition, determining a relatively low profit rate for the high risky activities increases the excess demand for the credits. Answering these generated demand, results in loss to the depositors.

Endogenous growth theory has introduced a way in which the effects of taxation on growth can be traced and examined. The main propose of the present paper is to examine the effects of taxation on economic growth with an emphasis on the endogenous growth theory. The results of the paper indicate that in theoretical model framework of the endogenous growth, the effects of taxation of economic growth are ambiguous. Therefore, it is recommended to review the empirical evidence in this regard. Our main conclusion on the empirical studies reveals the high sensitivity of the results with respect to the parameters as well as the kind of data (i.e. cross-section versus time series), and shows the relatively weak effect of taxation on growth.

The study of fluctuations of monetary and fiscal policies, during the period 1968-1998 indicates that the effects of oil revenues on real economic growth (The So-called net effects of monetary and fiscal policies) was not only positive in the long run, but it had also negative impact on it.Based upon the statistical analysis, it can be demonstrated that the monetary and fiscal policies implemented by the economic decision makers of the country, were not successful in reducing the adverse effect of economic shocks. They, in turn, created these shocks per se.In other words, either monetary of fiscal policy paved the way for further worsening of the economic condition. It means that if the economic authorities did not execute any measures against the menace of particularly short run shocks and other economic disturbances, the status quo of Iranian economy was much better.The evidence to support this claim is the persistent application of error correction policies in the economy which created more uncertainly for domestic and foreign economic participants.

This study assesses the amount visitors who are willing to pay for visiting a historical site, where currently no charge is made for entry. Contingent Valuation Method (CVM) was used to estimate the maximum amount visitors would be willing to pay if an entry charge is imposed. this study was conducted on Ganj Nameh historical site. Ganjnameh is located in Abbas-Abad valley 5 Kms. West of Hamadan, Iran. The Achaemenian Ganjnameh (Treasure Inventory) is a lengthy inscription in cuneiform script, composed in three parts (in old Persian, Elamite, and Babylonian) and carved of the face of two rocks of some two meters height, in the mountain Alvand. A standard questionnaire with dichotomous choice format for CVM instruments was designed and completed from 940 visitors of the site during 1999 using direct interview method. The results show that respondents (households) are willing to pay an average of 1560 rials to visit the site. The results of this study can be used to determine the entrance fee to the site, financing of service and infrastructure costs and evaluation of policies regarding cultural heritage preservation.

The aim of this study is to estimate the returns to scale and technical efficiency of bread production. So, some old kinds of bread in Urumia and Tehran were chosen and their production functions were estimated with using cross- section data during 200l.The name of chosen kinds of bread are Lavash Davvar, Lavash Tanoory, Sangak and Barbary. To avoid forcing any of the production functions restrictions to the bread production, different kinds of production functions were estimated for bread and at last was confirmed that the leontief and Translog production functions seemed to perfect relative fit the technical relationship between the bread production factors. Regression results confirmed the constant returns to scale for all kinds of bread which were evaluated. Sangak and Lavash Davvar exhibited better well-behaved production functions than Lavash Tanoory and Barbary. The marginal productivity of Jabour in Lavash Tanoory and Barbary production functions fell below zero because of the uneconomic use of it in producing these kinds of bread. The technical efficiencies of Lavash Davvar, Lavash Tanoory and Sangak are 99% and barbary's technical efficient 98% It means that these kinds of bakeries make use of bread production factors with high rates of technical efficiencies.

The intake of Protein affect The rate of mortality, birth and productivity of labour Force in the production process. Protein Shortage has and influence on the rate of Diseases, on life expectancy and on the general health of the labor force.In this article, an attempt is made to estimate the demand function of protein products separately both in urban and rural areas, through merging time - series and temporally data, and to present coefficients of income, price, and cross-elasticity. The results indicate that income elasticity of meat products exceeds the non-meat products (such as egg and dairy products) in rural & urban areas.On the basis of the experimental results of the article, it is concluded that the statistical data of the years 1350-1371 confirm the proposed hypotheses on categories of income, price, and cross-elasticity.

The export guarantee organizations prepare the ground for the growth and development of export activities through providing security and financial facilities for these activities. The Export Guarantee Fund was established in 1973 and continued its activities until 1978. The Fund’s aim was, first, to secure the right of exporters against economic and political risks, that's the exporters that are not usually insured by business companies. Secondly, it aimed to guarantee the credit that is consumed for exporting goods and services.During the period of 1973-1978, the Found communicated with 1500 exporters and issued 94 guarantees valued 10 billion Rials. It covered 90 exporters and about 6 billion Rials worth of exports.In 1979 according to enactment No. 1953 of The Revolutionary Council, the Fund along with all its duties, Personnel, assets, debts and claims merged with the center of Export Development, and has been actually closing since the second half of 1994.This is at the time when country's exports needed more services of the fund. In the second half of 1994, the Fund restarted its activities. During the period of 1994-1999, The Fund issued 561 guarantees Valued 423 billion Rials. It also covered loss paymen ts to the exporters reaching 16 billion Rials.During These years, the Fund could cover the total of less than one percent of the export activitice, Which is insignificant compared to 30 percent in other countries.