JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
Year:2018 | Volume:19 | Issue:4 (75) |Papers Count:20

Background and Objective: Proper management of sewage is one of the most important environmental issues, organic matter and nutrients, including phosphorus compounds, are the potential pollutants of the receiving waters. Release of phosphorus from municipal wastewater treatment plant effluent to the environment is one of the main reasons for the phenomenon of the Eutrophication. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the amount of nutrients and organic matter in wastewater of Yasouj city and efficient removal of nutrients such as total phosphorus by modified Bardenpho system.Method: This is a cross-sectional study. The sampling method as Composite Sampling and study population was samples of treatment system input (after screening system) and output of treatment system (after sedimentation). In order to identify of affecting factors on phosphorus removal use of modified Bardenpho pilot. The amount of nitrate, total phosphate, COD and BOD5 removal for 9 months was evaluated. The collected data were analyzed by using SPSS software (version 16). Findings: According to the results, the average of input COD in system (674.55±228.54), input phosphorous (21.26±4.8), input nitrate (25.91±19.63), input BOD (378.33±106.66) mg per liter and the input pH (7.22±0.35). There is a significant Relationship between the input COD and percentage of phosphorus removal (P.value=0.004), but there is not significant relationship between the pH input and phosphorus removal percentage (P.value=0.339). Most phosphorus removal was observed in Solids Retention Time (SRT) of 15 days (69.72%). Internal recycle of 200 percent (68.96%) showed the highest percentage of phosphorous removal.Discussion and Conclusion: According to obtained information, the optimum conditions for phosphorus removal showed SRT =15, HRT =0.5-1 in anaerobic tank, the internal recycle percentage of 200%, recycled activated sludge (75%) and keep the DO =2-3. Therefore, for removal of phosphorus addition of physical and chemical methods can use of modified biological processes. In this systems, by replacing of an anaerobic stage at the beginning of the process, improve phosphorus removal. This method can be a good alternative to treatment plants with activated sludge system.

Background and Objective: One of the environmental problems in recent years in the western regions of Iran is the activity of dust storms and aerosols in the atmosphere of cities. Malayer, Nahavand and Tuyserkan cities in the south of Hamedan province and west of Iran are vulnerable to the entry of dust storms. In this research, dust storms, aerosols and visibility status and the manner of entering these storms into the cities have been studied.Method: In this study, different statistical periods were studied for three cities during the years 1992 to 2010. Then, the Prevailing wind conditions, storms dispersion, and visibility reduction were studied throughout the year. Also, maps of pressure patterns on the days of the storm for synoptic analysis were prepared and evaluated.Findings: The maximum annual dust incidence has occurred in Malayer in mid- spring (May), in Nahavand in the early spring (April) and mid-summer (August) and also in Tuyserkan at the end of spring (June).The highest and lowest number of dust storms occurred in Tuyserkan and Nahavand, respectively. Periodic changes of dust in the region have identified the rise of this climatic phenomenon in recent years. Dust frequency changes have shown a positive trend in the region with increasing height. The number of days with low visibility corresponded to the months of the occurrence of dust storms in the region and the most number of days with low visibility have been in June and July. Moreover, the synoptic analysis of the atmosphere shows that during the storm, an intense gradient of pressure and instability near the surface of the earth and the convergence flow at the level of 500 hPa have been created on the region.Discussion and Counclusion: The results of this study indicate that the dust in the streets parallel with the Prevailing wind direction is easily transmitted to the central parts of the city. Then due to the collision of the dust stream with the city's high buildings, a part of the dust is transferred to the surface of the earth, and other part of the flow creates a torsion mode in the back section of the building. Eventually, another part of it passes through the city at altitudes above the buildings. Vegetation around the cities has reduced the flow of dust into the cities and is considered as a positive factor in reducing pollution in the region.

Background and objectives: Increased population and demand is entails raise the amount of production per unit area. Competition for increased yield is reason excessive use of fertilizer nitrate. Excessive use of chemical fertilizers in addition to the enormous cost for farmer, also leads to harmful effects. These farmers are that at time to act amount the use of chemical fertilizers determine. Therefore, the reasons inattention and ignorance farmers the adverse effects of chemical fertilizers (especially nitrogen fertilizer) the using focus group discussion was studied.Method: The research with participation of 12 of vegetable growers in city of Buchanan (West Azerbaijan) was performed. A total of 5 courses focus group discussions were conducted with duration of 1 hour for each course.Findings: According to the results, the reasons for the of inattention of farmers from the adverse effects of chemical fertilizers in the form of the main 5 themes discussed were as follows, 1- Purpose of the production. 2- The absence of an inorganic or organic criterion for differentiating between healthy products. 3- The elements noted in the product. 4- The performance of agricultural Jihad and research centers in relation to the adverse effects of excessive consumption of nitrogen fertilizer on farms and 5- The farmers' lack of familiarity with organic cultural.Discussion and Conclusion: Culturalization in the community for the purchase and consumption of healthy products, although at a high price, will help many farmers to be interested to the cultivation of healthy crops. Including, monitoring and review experts on the amount of fertilizers used in the fields of vegetables and attracting the attention and satisfaction of farmers can make a significant contribution to reducing fertilizer use in agricultural lands. The production of healthy products is directly related to the health of the general population. Results of this research will play an important role in improving organic culture or safe agriculture in order to produce safe products and devoid of fertilizer.

Background and objectives: Forest structure is one the main environmental factor that produce unique characteristic in forest. Therefore, knowledge of the structure stand can help us to have better and more comprehensive plan for conservation and development of valuable forest resources. In this study, Tecomella undulata stand structure in Bushehr province were investigated.Method: For this purpose, T. undulata stand in Aliabad area (10 hectares) and Shahinal (2 hectares) was inventory.Findings: Our result indicated that two studied sites have one layered canopy which resulted from natural and manmade disturbances and also lack of regeneration. Moreover, correlation between collar diameter and tree high reveled that T. undulata stand in Shahnia has wider range compare to Aliabad and contained thicker trees. Also, Mode diameter at breast height, collar diameter, Crown area, spread ratio, width, depth, size and light crown length in Shahnia were more than Aliabad. While the average of height, crown coverage, area, Crown length, thickness index, ratio percentage and Bole ratio, Shahnia had the lowest value compare to Aliabad. Which is exploitation branches and leaves by villager for charcoal, medicinal and animal feed uses.Discussion & Conclusion: In conclusion, the present study showed that T. undulata stands are one layered pure stands that resulted by thropogenic anthropogenic disturbances. Such disturbances caused elimination of regeneration and formed one layered canopy stands.

Background and Objective: One of the most important methods to investigate heavy metals is to apply bio-monitors used as an appropriate index to express the environment quality. In this study, the concentrations of such heavy metals as Zn, Pb and Cu in the underground and aerial organs of Phragmites australis were investigated to study the pollution status in Hashilan Pond, Kermanshah and the effects of dominant species called Phragmites australis in the region.Method: The samples were prepared by nitric acid, perchloric acid and peroxide oxygen and afterwards, the concentrations of elements were measured by the atomic absorption spectrometry.Findings: Results demonstrated that the concentrations of copper, lead and zinc were estimated at 47.23, 6.17 and 24.21 in the sediments, respectively. Also, the mean concentrations of copper, lead and zinc were 2.738-2.190, 15.143-13.02 and 6.11-6.37 mg-1in the underground and aerial organs, respectively; furthermore, the highest metal concentration was related to the underground organs of plant. High values of transfer index concerning zinc indicated high ability of zinc transfer in the plant. In this regard, a positive significant correlation exists between the concentration of zinc in the underground and aerial organs.Discussion and Counclusion: Therefore, the underground organs of reed are introduced as a suitable monitor for the resultant pollution of zinc in the regional sediments.

Background and Objective: Accurate estimation of forest biomass for assessment of the potential of forests to sequester atmospheric carbon is an important aspect in forest management. The present study aimed to estimate the biomass of single-stem Quercus brantii trees by using terrestrial photogrammetry as a nondestructive method.Method: The study was conducted in Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province. First, 32 individual trees from different diameter classes were selected and two photos were taken for each tree in perpendicular directions. Then, the scale of each photo was calculated and the volume of different components of trees was determined (trunk, main branches, branches and foliage (Crown)). Density of each component was measured using data collected from field and laboratory analysis; and biomass of each component was measured. Estimated biomass from terrestrial photogrammetry method was compared with the actual biomass obtained from the field method.Findings: Results showed that there is no significant difference between the terrestrial photogrammetry method and the field method, which is accurate method in order to evaluate biomass.Discussion and Conclusions: This study showed that terrestrial photogrammetry for estimation of above ground biomass for single-stem Quercus brantii trees is an accurate and efficient method.

Background and Objective: Nowadays production industries managers need to identify the key factors of green product life cycle stages until they can better assess the environmental impact of its products and produce the green product with less time and expense. Therefore, the first objective of this study is the first to assess the effects of environmental factors on health products be identified in Qazvin province. Then, use the interpretive structural modeling (ISM) which were ranked.Method: The ISM method is a qualitative method that aims to identify and prioritize environmental impact of the product.Findings: The results of ranking and to investigate effective factors on the environmental effects resulting from production of green products showed that rinse is an autonomic criterion that has negligible penetrating power. Four criteria related to the construction and productions of the product are in the affiliated groups that have weak penetrating power, but the strong dependence to system. Also, the results showed that in assessment of green product environmental impact any criterion is not in connective criteria groups. In addition, the results showed that the criterion of chemicals, soap, recycling toxic substances, disposal of nontoxic substances and packaging are considered as the key criteria.Discussion and Conclusions: according to the results it is recommended that production industries managers health products of Qazvin consider above five key criteria to reduce the environmental effects of products and with further carefully and study in selection of raw materials and recycling and disposal of waste material and also type and shape of packaging prevents from entering compatible health products with environment to the market.

Background and Objective: Forest roads network in forestry plans have main and basic role in the forest management, conservation and recovery. In this research the ability of GIS and AHP in production of road-use map in Dallak kheil forest of Sari with an area of 1521.89 hectare (without villages in study area) was investigated.Method: In this study, for finding a suitable method for optimal routing forest roads and finding environmentally optimal variant of GIS and AHP technique was used. According to effective factors on road planning such as slope, slop direction, soil, geology, stock growth per hectare, hydrology, landscape and conserved species, a questionnaire was provided and then the idea of the experts about forest road planning and relative importance of factors was collected. The factors were weighted in Expert choice (EC) software via pair wise method. Then based on weights, the maps of mentioned factors were overlaid and land capability map with four classes of most unsuitable, unsuitable, suitable and most suitable was produced. Different variants of forest road were designed on land capability map using Arc GIS 9.3 software and divider method. Finally, the status of designed road network and existing road was compared using Backmund and nearest route method.Findings: Analysis of effective factors in the design based on the road design profesionals and forest roads, showed that standard slope with 0.254 relative weight, have the highest points and the outlook with relative weight 0.052 has the lowest points.Discussion and Conclusions: The result of the comparsion betwwen the existing network with five new variants in terms of environmental considerations indicated that the second variant is the best variant due to the passing of the most sutibel areas (19.7%) and unsutibel (21.5%) in compared to the existing road and other variants. Also The second variant whit 62.72 cover persentage in compared to other variants and existing roads in terms of environmental performance were selected as variants better. The Chi square test was used to compare the most suitable variant with existing road. Results showed that the designed road network was significantly better than that of existing road, regarding pass from suitable area.

Background and Objective: The challenge of costant development production in agriculture is the food security for growing population that increase the country food needs. The capability finding, lands regionalization and encouraging the producers for producting the strategic and high quality products with more add end- value result in optimum production according to offer and demand and decreasing the depandence. The edible oil have the most depandence amond basive materials so, cultivating the oily seeds with favorite quality and more efficiency that be compatible with climate conditions of country is as the most important effective factors for increasing the production operation.Method: In this research, first, the studied data of 7 meteorology station have been studied daily during the common years (1992-2010:1371- 1389) for 19 years statistic period. Then, the value information layers have been provided for Geographic Information System. The studied layers including the height, landuse, soil, frosty, effective and active growth term period. The present layers have been fuzzy by using fuzzy redundant, and then the weight of each layer have been calculated by AHP model. Then, the final regionalization of feasibility study for Canola cultivation have been provided.Findings: The results of study indicated that Kordeston province have fine cultivation capability for canola oily plant, so the 28% of lands in northeast and south east place in very fine limit. 38% of province lands place in fine limit and more of them observe in eastern half of province. 24% of province lands is in the medium limit and 10% of province lands place in weak limit, Generally, the eastern half of Kordestan province have more capability for Canola cultivation.Discussion & conclusion: Based on the obtained results, the Kordestan province lands were divided in to four categories of highly suitable (7940.8 km2), suitable (10905.3 km2), moderate (6824 km2) and weak (2829.3 km2) lands on the basis of the environmental and climatologocal potentials for canola cultivation.

Background and Objective: Due to the large volume of waste produced in Amol and the proximity of the city to the sea and the forest, a proper waste management is urgent necessary to prevent environmental pollution. On the other hand, organic waste occupies more than 80% of the Amol municipal solid waste. Therefore, a new method for compost production from municipal solid waste and a suitable quality comparison of the produced compost with Iranian National Standards Organization are aims of this study.Method: In this paper, compost production at a greenhouse closed and controlled condition as a novel method using of homemade designed crusher was studied. In this work also a new design of solid state bioreactor was used. In this reactor, aeration and stirring were carefully controlled; therefore, this reactor can be used in a large scale. Also parameters such as temperature, pH, C/N and ash were measured during the compost production. Findings: The results showed that the production of compost from this study obtained during 25 days that is less than the current processes. The ratio of carbon to nitrogen of the final product, pH and the electrical conductivity were 19.89, 7.29 and 7.7 dS/m, respectively. Also, results showed that the produced compost parameters are in agreement with first class compost based on the Iranian National Standards Organization.Discussion & Conclusion: According to the results, the method of this research can be proposed in high scale and high quality compost production from municipal waste.

Background and Objective: The purpose of this research is the role of deficit irrigation in compromising environmental – economical goals of cropping pattern in Fars Province.Method: This technique is considered as a strategy to increase profitability. However, in addition to profitability goal, many studies have focused to optimize water and fertilizers consumption as environmental objectives. Current study investigates the rule of deficit irrigation in a model that compromises the economic and environmental objectives. Fasa city in Fars province were selected as the study area since placed in warm climate field and affected by water stress. A Fuzzy nonlinear programming model were used to compromise the goals of maximum gross margin and minimum chemical fertilizer and water consumption for a representative farm in study area. This model was subjected to yield response functions to water and other constraints.Findings: The results showed that the representative farm is inefficient to select cropping pattern in comparison to compromised goals model. This comparison also revealed there is a the possibility for increasing income of representative farm by applying full irrigation to gain potential yield and reducing cultivation area for considering the available water restrictions.Discussion and Conclusion: Although, increasing of gross margin is conflicted by decreasing water consumption and partly by reducing fertilizer use, but generalizing the results of representative farm to the whole city showed that implementation of this model will add the revenues about 94 billion Rials in total area. While the positive environmental outcomes such as reducing about 4.6 million cubic meters of water and 7,246 tons of chemical fertilizer would be the other results of implementing this model.

Background and objectives: Understand environmental problems and a basic understanding of the requirement for substantial measures for removing environmental damage caused by the excessive development. The most important measures of the development of environmental knowledge through service areas, universities and higher education institutions in any society a unique role in the development of society. In this regard, the present survey studies the analysis of environmental education programs to identify opportunities and threats in Higher Education.Methods: The research method is descriptive of survey type. The statistical population of the faculty members and environmental students in the universities of the country is 40 faculty members and 719 students. The sampling method was simple random sampling. According to Karjesi and Morgan table, 250 students were enrolled and the professors used the census method. In this research, a researcher made questionnaire was used. To determine the validity of the opinions of experts, based on the Lavoshe formula 0.8 and its reliability, based on the alpha coefficient of Cronbach's was obtained 806%. Analysis and interpretation of the data are based on the IFE matrix.Findings: Based on the results of 6 strengths and 7 weaknesses among the components of the current strategy of higher education, environmental planning has a relatively balanced position between the strengths and weaknesses of the organization.Discussionand Conclusion: Using strengths to advance the goals of the organization. Such a strategy is a desirable strategy.

Background and Objective: Sorkheh Hesar national park is one of Goitered Gazelle (Gazella subgutturosa) habitat. This species moved to specific regions because their main habitat destroyed or invaded by the humans. To protect and manage this species, it is very essential to evaluate and modeling its habitat suitability and also to determine the most important factors in attracting such species.Method: In this research the habitat suitability for Goitered Gazelles is examined and modeled, using the Maximum Entropy method in autumn. For modeling, 33 presence points and 15 habitat variables modeled using MaxEnt software. The rate of the AUC=0.949 shows the high reliability of the model in separating suitable habitats from unsuitable ones.Findings: The results show that the distance from water sources is the most influential variable on the habitat suitability of Goitered Gazelles in Sorkheh Hesar national park, in essence, the suitability of the habitat decreases for longer distances from water sources. There is a higher probability of the species presence in the northern lands with less than 25 degrees in slope. Furthermore, the results show that Goitered Gazelles are more likely to present in areas with Artemisia spp. and Astragalus spp. plants.Discussion and Conclusion: Habitat suitability for Goitered Gazelles is prepared and 5.97% of the studied region’s area (1,170 ha) is marked as suitable habitat for Goitered Gazelles. Considering the importance of water source and the types of vegetation Goitered Gazelles consumes supervision of water source and controlling the import of livestock are some of the important actions that have to be done for managing the habitat.

Background and Objective: After accomplishment of a survey on universities the results showed that there are many specific problem such as lack of private space and sense of belonging. The aim of this article is studying the theories and concepts in the area of private space.Method: This study is practical, based on its purpose will give design solutions to improve the quality of private spaces. This research is a mixed study (quality and quantity). For data collection is used literature review and interviews with Experts in this field. These data are firstly analyzed and classified, then measurements were done to find out the importance of the parameters. Questionnaire was made and distributed among a group of specialist including architecture professors and psychologists and then the main questionnaire was conducted and then studied by 48 architecture students. Data analyzing was done by using the Delphi technique and the SPSS software.Findings: At the end, the main influential factors in private spaces were extracted as: the individualization of the area, figuring out how to break down these areas, create semiprivate and quiet spaces.Discussion and Conclusion: Applying these extracted factors will have positive effects on utility of private spaces and improvement quality of learning environments.

Background and Objective: Increasing production of waste in cities is an issue that municipalities deal with it and a significant amount of municipal funds spent on the collection, transport and disposal of the waste, in addition to the many environmental problems will follow.Method: This paper aims to identify social factors that influence the production of household waste is reduced. For this purpose, the two regions 3 and 10 of Tehran municipality in terms of per capita household waste generation and associated social factors were studied. Because these two regions close together despite the population, in terms of physical and social differences with each other, which can help reduce household waste produced per capita. Then to answer assumptions, based on a survey questionnaire containing open and closed questions was used.Findings: The findings show that many social factors have a direct impact on per capita production of household waste, such as age, gender, marital status, family size, length of stay in Tehran and region, type of home and respect for the separation of waste. Then the two regions based on criteria and indicators of physical, social, environmental and management were evaluated and by region 3, percentage points respectively is 67, 64, 36 and 38 and the region 10 is 47, 46, 33 and 36. Finally, 20 action plan to reduce domestic waste generation per capita was presented with an emphasis on social factors.Discussion and Conclusion: The results of the questionnaire were analyzed by using statistical tests.