LITERARY TEXT RESEARCH (PERSIAN LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE)
Year:2015 | Volume:19 | Issue:63|Papers Count:7

This article analyzes and reviews the Nafthat al-Masdoor in structural linguistics based on texts cohesion theory of Halliday and Hasans (1976). According to this theory, cohesion is a feature of the text. Cohesion is created with elements of the text that the elements of coherence are divided into three categories, “grammatical, lexical and connection (or transplant)’’ and play a role in the relationship between sentence and utterances or part of speech. In this article, we have extracted the elements and techniques of cohesion creation from Nafthat al-Masdoor and we have analyzed them by using of different examples. Although the text of Nafthat al-Masdoor covers various aspects of historical events, social massive crisis, emotional issues and the bitter experiences of the author's life, after the review, it turned out, its text is very coherent and integrated and some of coherent elements and techniques coherent of the text play an important role in cohesion. Also, these elements of cohesion increase the depth of meaning, the effectiveness and attractiveness of text and satisfy the addressee. So, different texts of Poetry and prose are distinct from each other according to Language and content of its own and how to use these elements and they are graded and evaluated in terms of cohesion.

Beyhaqi’s History is one of the precious works of the Persian Prose that according to its subject is reviewed and criticized in the field of literature and history. The volume and content of this book is one of the most important questions that are raised about this book. Subject of Beyhaqi’s History, as it is now in our hands or disposal, narrates the quality of achievement to the government of Masood Ghaznavi and the events during his administration until shortly before his death. Apparently Beyhaqi was following the completion of his History until the end of Masood's period and he wanted to write the history of Massoud's successors. Based on some of the contents of the book, also the words of Ibn Fondoqh and several references in some of the books, some researchers have inferred that the size of the book is much more than what is available today. In this article, after mention the questions, theories and some evidence of the text of Beyhaqi’s History, it's shown that Beyhaqi’s History has not been a book beyond what is available today and we only can say Beyhaqi followed the grand plan for writing the history of Mahmoud, Massoud and his successors and he has failed to do it, due to unknown reasons.

Gholam hosein saedi is one of prolific or hard-working authors in 1340 decade who tried very much to wake up suffocated society of Pahlavi period by addressing to neurotic characters at lower class of society. In this article, it has been studied and analyzed characters in his two short stories and a novel namely “Beggar, Distitutes, and Garbage can’’ by using of Karen Horney's theory. Karen Horney is one of the most important Freudians in the field of social psychology and some of his theories have penetrated in all aspects of the culture of the West and he is so well-known person that almost all are familiar with him and the concepts such as ''alienation’’, ''self-actualization’’ and ''Idealized self-image’’. He entered a new understanding of the importance of culture and the environment into psychoanalysis. Beggars are major and minor characters of three mentioned stories and all of them are facing with a kind of neurosis which is derived from the community and their growth environment. In this article, we've tried to determine Beggar's characters in these three stories according to ten needs in Karen Horney's theory, their defense mechanisms and their similarities and differences. Also, we want to find out shortage is most needed among the characters and these characters with the same role show what ways of defense against basic anxiety. What is the effect of environmental conditions common in these three stories on their characters? Why have they chosen such a defensive ways? How far are they from their real self?

The stylistics deals with studying frequencies and repetitions. Therefore, the employing of statistical analyses in stylistic evaluations is very useful. Since descriptive statistics do not always explain stylistic fluctuations, using of inferential statistics methods in evaluating stylistic, have very high scientific accuracy in assessing of stylistics phenomena. Stylometry is coined for stylistic researches related to the computer. In this article, it is evaluated the relationship between compression angle of simile construction in the sixth century poetry and frequency of construction of literal similes in the poets’ divan of this century and in passing of the time. Thus, we discuss statistical inference analysis by using the Pearson correlation coefficient in SPSS computerized software. Direct and positive relationship between variables is confirmed according to quantitative results derived from the spss software which indicates the correlation coefficient and significance level of the relationship between variables (the compression of simile angle and frequency of literal similes) and comparing the numbers with defined parameters for correlation coefficient and a significant level. In stylistic language, being more compact of simile angle in the poetry of the sixth century means increasing of the frequency in the literal similes with a more closed construction and this stylistic event has followed the dominant norms on periodic style.

Among Sadegh Chubak's works (Iranian writer) and Saadollah Vannous' works (Syrian play writer), there are many similarities between “dolls retail’’ and “A Corpse on the Pavement’’. In this article, at first the subject and theme of two mentioned works is clearly defined and then structural elements of these two works are analyzed comparatively according to American school. For this purpose, we studied the narrative structure of two mentioned works based on theories of great narratologists such as “William Lebow’’, “Greimas’’ and “Gérard Genette’’ in four sections of character, plot, and time and place perspective. Also, during the reflection on formal and semantic cohesion factors of these two works, we have reviewed and analysed differences and similarities between them in terms of subject, space, time, place, plot and etc. Finally, besides conclusion, we have talked about the causes of being these two effects among naturalistic works as the dominant discourse on communities.

Julia Kristeva introduced the term “intertextuality’’ based on the votes of Bakhtin, for the first time. In her opinion, the intertextual relations extricate literary text from a limited and rigid semantic system. From then on, she and other poststructuralists such as Roland Barthes developed many of the concepts and principles related to the concept of dialogism and intertextuality. Finally, the second generation theorists of intertextuality such as Laurent Jenny and Michael Riffaterre have tried to to apply the theory of intertextuality in literary texts seriously. According to views of Laurent Jenny, intertextuality that remains in the surface layers of text is unimportant to some extent and against it there is another kind of intertextuality which penetrates in the structural depth and context. In addition, Mikhail Bakhtin compares fiction with epic at defensing of it as a distinct literary genre. According to him, Epic is reflection of the reality in the absolute past which is incapable of any evolution and transformation. But the novel puts the reality that is not done in front of the reader eyes, based on Principle or philosophy of becoming. In this article, we have choosen the short story of “The Night of Sohrab's Killing’’ by Bijan Najdi from the set of “panthers that they have runed with me’’ for consolidated application of the two theories and we seek to answer these questions: 1- Is the story Najdi able to reconstruct the epic past using intertextual relations in a contemporary text? 2- Whether this story can be regarded as a serious critique of the monologue in literature?

In study of done research about classical Persian literature, this difficult is seen that a significant number of studies or researches lacks any innovation and merely repeats the previous studies. We should seek the root of this problem not in classical Persian literature, but in repetition of old approaches to these texts. To solvthis problemm, it can be used from newer approaches to literary criticism such as “new historicism’’. Since the new historicism destroys on the one hand, Literary and non-literary border, and on the other hand, the border between history and literature, The benefit of this approach in studies of classical Persian literature would lead to different readings of literary works and Different readings of historiographical works such as Beyhaghi History as well as scientific and non-literary works. Other advantages of using this new approach are wide range of research in classical Persian literature and their reading's diversity.