GEOGRAPHIC SPACE
Year:2014 | Volume:13 | Issue:44|Papers Count:14

The relationship between employment and immigration in special levels of Systan&Balochestan including rural and urban regions is studied in the present paper with the purpose of analysis, modeling and prediction of employment role in immigration. Research method is analytical-descriptive with quantitative approach in which models of labor market, correlation and regression are used. Two variables (employment deficit and out-immigration) obtained from labor market model were introduced as independent and dependent variables in modeling process respectively and then their relationship was predicted. This research considers immigration as an outcome of geographical differences between supply and demand of labor force and indicates the worse labor market of rural regions than urban regions during five decades (1956-2006). There is a direct and strong relationship between employment deficit and out-immigration in rural and urban region (correlation coefficient: 0.9).90% of immigrations occurred in rural and urban regions during the five decades are characterized by employment deficit. It is predicted that when employment deficit in urban regions is eliminated completely and there isn't employment surplus, these regions will accept immigrants (about 23000 people) and if this happens in rural regions, out-immigration will be diminished greatly about 500 people. Findings indicate that employment deficit is population pulled to the region and employment deficit is population driven from the region. So providing employment opportunities in the region through investment in providing new employment opportunities can be recognized as the most effective solution to prevent evacuation of rural and urban regions of the province.

Understanding watershed components and their structure and natural processes is a crucial aspect of grasping how human activities can degrade or improve the condition of a watershed. Landscape indices can be used to quantify the condition of landscapes and to determine the impacts of human interventions in the environment. This paper outlines one component of a study being undertaken to provide a new tool for integrated watershed management. The study aims to assess the biophysical and socio-economic impacts of 32 vegetation-based management scenarios in the Chehel-Chai Watershed. The Chehel-Chai River is a tributary of the Gorgan-Rud River system lying southeast of Minoo-dasht in Golestan Province, Iran. The use of landscape structure indices to predict the ecological impacts of management scenarios is the focus of this paper. Five possible management actions including terracing, orchard development, agro-forestry, tree plantation, and riparian restoration have been considered. Scenario rules for each management activity were developed based on field observations, scientific recommendations, and expert knowledge for the study area. Ecological indices used in this study included Weighted Mean Patch Size Index (WMPSI), Weighted Land Cover Area Index (WLCAI), Total Core Area (TCA), Forest Connectivity Index (FCI), and Riparian Proportion Index (RPI). Ecological impacts of each management scenario are predicted based on the value of these indices. The best management option will correspond to the highest score. The analysis indicates that considering WMPSI, Scenario 26 (orchard development, agro-forestry, and riparian restoration) and Scenario 11 (orchard development, agro-forestry) are the best. In contrast, considering WLCAI, and RPI, Scenario 32 (a combination of terracing, orchard development, tree planting, agro-forestry, and riparian restoration actions) is identified as the best scenario, while Scenario 1 (current condition) was the best considering the TCA and the FC!. The assessment approach used in this study can provide a basis for prediction of the ecological impacts of management actions. Further research into prediction of impacts on physical and socio-economic sources can make available the required information to achieve the aims of an integrated watershed assessment and management.

Land use maps are the most essential tools and information in the hand of natural resources managers. Over the last years, many applications of neural network classifiers for land use classification have been reported in the literature, but few studies have assessed the use of decision tree classifiers and their comparison. In this study, first, geometric and radiometric corrections were performed on ETM+data. Then, with field surveying, the various land cover classes were defined and training areas were selected. The main objective of this study is to compare three artificial neural network methods for land cover classification in Daresher catchment of lIam province. Meanwhile, the performance of these algorithms has been compared with that obtained using decision tree (with three siplitting methods). The obtained results of accuracy assessment of the classified images showed that neural network classification methods (except Kohonen method) outperformed with overall mean accuracy of 92 and Kappa coefficient of 0.90 than by decision tree with mean overall mean accuracy of 90 and Kappa coefficient of 0.88. In addition, when different neural networks classifiers were analysed, fuzzy artmap approach outperformed than by perceptron multi-layer and Konohon classifiers in terms of overall Kappa coefficient accuracies (with more overall accuracies of %2, %22 and Kappa coefficients of %3 and %24). The highest accuracy of artificial neural network was with fuzzy artmap method. So, this study confirms efficiency and capability of artificial neural network methods for land cover classification.

Today, to operationalize rural economic empowerment, it is essential and indispensible to give due attention to the participation approach. Providing necessary teachings and learning background, participation plays an important role in transmitting information and recognizing decision making abilities in farmers, and can make way for optimal utilization of resources and facilities. As villagers' failure to recognize and optimally appreciate the resources and facilities is among the main causes of economic underdevelopment in rural areas, it is critical to focus attention onto this approach, so that the rural economy may get out of current situation. Therefore, using a comprehensive approach in a descriptive-analytical method, this study tries to investigate the role of participation in the villager's empowerment process in agricultural sector of 14 rural settlements in Upper Ij-rud Dehestan, in Ij- rud County. Data were collected through the questionnaires completed by a sample size of 330 people. SPSS relevant tests were employed for data analysis. Studies showed that participation level with an average of 1.87 is lower than expected. The results suggest that awareness of production factors, one's command of market economy and decision-making skills, respectively, with significance levels of 0.025, - 0.001 and 0.030 are directly correlated with economic empowerment. In addition, the level of villagers' economic empowerment in the agricultural sector (1.76) shows that necessary conditions have not yet been provided. Thus, it is essential to improve the villagers' understanding of optimal utilization of production factors, familiarity with market mechanisms and decision making skills.

Traffic has always been a considerable metropolitan setback whereas many factors such as the urban fabric, concentration of attractive population applications, weather, and ext. intensifies this problem. In order to overcome such a problem many solutions have been approached where building parking locations at places facing high traffic load is one to remark. The city of Abadeh at the north of Fars State is facing high traffic loads due to its linear expansion, centralization of attractive population applications and also narrow street networks, leading to many one-way streets. This research is from type descriptive - analytical and quantitative that required information was collected from multiple sources such as library, documents and field finding Therefore in this study, first the appropriate criterions to building parking sites has been extracted such as accessibility to high density service levels, the quality of materials, type of building, and also the consideration of compatibility, comfort, efficiency, desirability, health, and safety standards with other nearby applications and after giving weight to layers with using AHP model, by the means of the geographic information system as a powerful device for analyzing and locating, the more appropriate zones of central land portions to create parking locations has been studied and at last the landscape has been divided to five spectrums named very proper, proper, medium, improper, very improper. The results from the rated fields study have shown that an extensive very proper zone holding such characteristics as the destructiveness of the building, having brick and wood material and accessibility to dens service levels is available for building parking locations throughout the city site and can be as a choser as a best place to make parking into centeral part of abade city in order to reduce of traffic in city center.

In the South East region was Iran and after heavy rainfall the severe floods occurred in South East Iran. In effects of Gonu super Cyclone in the 3-day period from 6 to 8 June 2007 of the South East region saw rain was showery precipitation. The total rainfalls in the study area to the number 503.5 mm were mature. Using various data related to atmospheric moisture in different levels, and low moisture supply source and quality and qualities in the event of rain caused by Gonu storm in 2007 was studied. studding of the atmospheric Moisture Flux Convergence (MFC) during Gonu storm in 6 to 8 June 2007, using the physical equations of related to the MFC in the atmosphere, map atmospheric MFC map's at levels 1000, 850, 700 and 500 hpa for OOz, 06z, 12z and 18z times have been illustrated and analyzed. The achieved results showed that the maximum convergence has taken place in 1000 and 850 hpa levels, and the other atmospheric levels had Lesser role in a rain storm days occurred in June 2007 Gonu. Also the results showed that moisture origin of precipitation in 6 June at 1000 and 850 hpa levels are the Indian Ocean, Gulf of Aden, and Arabian Sea and at other levels, are the Arabian Sea and Gulf of Oman. in June 8th the most effective moisture are related to the Gulf of Oman and Arabian Sea. Attention to the time of year and considering the moisture transfer path of from the warm seas, the South East meteorological stations of Iran, and with attention to convectional rainfall maps we can be note to this important point that and flooding rainfall caused by Gonu storm have occurred due to pass and dominance of a warm and humid air mass by the convection and convergence mechanism.

Many researchers and scientists to Msabh agricultural development strategy of rural development and argue that agriculture as a main source of income and employment opportunities, could play a major role in rural development. Therefore, in this paper, we study and analyze the obstacles to agricultural development in the district boundary due to its important role as the dominant rural employment has been paid.Method: This descriptive - analytical, library and field data collection (questionnaires and interviews) were carried out. he population of the county korani survey is Four villages were selected using simple random sampling, using Cochran formula, 126 samples were designated as beneficiary. Preliminary tests carried out to obtain the reliability of the questionnaire and Cronbach's alpha coefficient for the questionnaire more thanO/72 respectively. Techniques using AHP (Analytical Hierarchy Process) and Expert Choice software were analyzed. The results indicate that the county corani greatest obstacle to agricultural development and structural factors, cultural factors, environmental and market priorities were next. Before doing any action for agricultural development in the region should take into account the integration of farm lands.

Crime is a social phenomenon that cultural, social, economicand evenenvironmental factors are effectiveonthe incidence of it. So better understanding and explanation of crime and criminal behavior in society is essential in connection with these factors. One of the most important issues in crime analyses is crime site. But as regard that geographicall ocation in relation with economic, socialand cultural inequality are effective in the incident of specific crime in those area, so disharmonyand spatial inconsistency in population structure can be effective in urban insecurity and formation of stability and security indifferent urban areas. In this paper spatial analysis of influence of population structure on theincidence of crime in the urban regions of Mashhad metropolis as a second largest metropolis in the country. Has been regarded The research method used, is descriptive-analyze and in order to analyzing the population structure indicators in three population, cultural-social and economic groups and the condition of spatial distribution of offenders with 6 types of crime has been analyze. Also in order to analyze the relationship between the variables with using SPSS software, related statistical tests is done and to display the spatial distribution of offenders and the rate of population spatial equilibrium at the urban regions has been used of GIS software. The research results indicates a significant correlation between population structure and being prone to crimeof the regions.

Better understanding and recognizing the amount of the enjoyment levels of regions and comparing them to each other causes their weakness, strength, opportunities and threats to be recognized, and finally cause the regional and zonal planning to be succeeded. For achieving this purpose, determining and analyzing of enjoyment levels by using various methods and offering suitable solutions in this field play important and fundamental role. In the present study, by using Scalogram analysis and SWOT model enjoyment levels of West Azarbayjan based on 36 indices in population and labor, constructional- infrastructural, industry and mineral, social services, educational and health care are determined and position of each township in said indices are analyzed and after determining of weakness, strength, opportunities and threats suitable solutions for development of West Azarbayjan province townships are offered The findings indicated that there is difference among West Azarbayjan townships in terms of enjoyment levels and distribution of facilities and services. So based on Scalogram Model results Urmia and Khoy townships are recognized as the most enjoyed level and Piranshahr, Sardasht and Chaldran as the most deprived level. Finding also shows that 42% of townships are in deprived and more deprived level, 28% in relatively deprived level, 14% in enjoyed level and only 14% in the most enjoyed level.

Owing to the rise in water demand and looming climate change, recent years have witnessed much focus on global drought scenarios. Drought as a complex natural hazard is best characterized by multiple climatological and hydrological parameters and the assessment of it is important for planning and managing water resources. So understanding the history of drought in the area is essential like investigating the effects of drought. In this study, the droughts were rated by TOPSIS index with 9 effective factors on drought by MATLAB software in Gilan province. The output was compared through t-test from SlAP to validate the method and the results show that there is a significant relationship in these two methods at 95% probability. At the end, the droughts in the area were zoned for 3 separated periods by IDW method in GIS 9.3. Results show that in 3 periods, expanse of normal situation has decreased and upon violence and expanse of drought has increased in the area.

The recognition of physical-spatial development patterns of cities is necessary for achieving to urban sustainability. Because, many of sc, ientists believed that a meaningful relation between urban form and urban sustainability exist. With attention to this issue, the purpose of this research is evaluating of Sabzevar physical-spatial development pattern with using quantities models such as size-rank rule, Gini coefficient, relative entropy, geary coefficient, and density gradient and correlation analysis. Methodology of research is combination of inductive and apriority methods. The results of this research indicated that during 1993-2006 years, gross population density of Sabzevar very reduced and from 128 per/h received to 76 per/h. this reduction says that in these periods Sabzevar have had s sprawl. Investigation of size-rank rule represented that during 1921-2006 rate of physical development growth is much more than rate of population growth. Density gradient in sabzevar in 2006 is reducing with distance from city center. It means that in Sabzevar city outskirts is developing. Investigation of Equal distribution grade of population with using Gini and relative entropy coefficient indicated that population distribution in Sabzevar in 2006 rather than 1993 has been equaled. Surveys of agglomeration grade of population with use of geary coefficient shows that distribution of population in Sabzevar city in 1993 has been random agglomeration while in 2006 became sprawl. The use of Holdern model indicates that significant part of sprawl in Sabzevar city has been occurred during 2003-2006 years. In these years, 30 percent of urban physical growth derives population growth and 70 percent of this growth derives sprawl and horizontal expansion and finally, Correlation analysis indicates that between gross population density and variables such as statistic district area, literacy, family dimension and family in residential unit had existed significant relations. Pay attention to this issue that during 1993-2006 years, sprawl has been one of the important features of physical development Sabzevar, it is necessary to urban Manager's restrict factors that create sprawl and horizontal expansion in Sabzevar city.

Evapotranspiration is one of the important hydrologic cycle components that have very considerable effect in local and global climate.70% of precipitation in the world and 90% of it in Iran returns in hydrologic cycle with Evapotranspiration and for this reason its estimation is very valuable. One of important factors in local actual Evapotranspiration is land surface temperature that its increase causes to decrease of actual evapotranspiration. In this study Satellite images of Terra-MODIS used for estimation of Evapotranspiration in Sefid rood basin between 2002-2008. Satellite image processing for mountain SEBAL method show's actual Evapotranspiration distribution in basin. Relationship between land surface temperature and vegation cover and actual Evapotranspiration was studied.results shown decrease in actual Evapotranspiration and the reason is decrease in precipitation about 78% in 2008 year.