URBAN MANAGEMENT
Year:2014 | Volume:13 | Issue:36|Papers Count:26

Mollasadra Avenue in Shiraz has a variety of attractions and numerous gravitations which lead people to having a quasi-permanent presence in. this important public space. Coming to shopping centres, window shopping, flanerie and the ability to see people and be seen by them, makes MollaSadra Avenue a vibrant hub full of crowd and enjoyment. But in the other hand the lack of well-designed sidewalks and their limited width, the lack of public places to seat, relax and gather and an obvious shortage of activities throughout the night and holidays accentuated by traffic jam and mediocre physical and architectural conditions, decrease the eventuality of public interactions. This research seeks to reveal the role of effective factors in improvement of public interactions in MollaSadra Avenue as a vibrant public space.As such, after studying and analyzing the pertinent factors in public interactions an entire field research process has been accomplished. The result of the research is shown as an urban design framework categorized by activities, aesthetics and experiential aspects and environmental issues which demonstrate the direction of the process of urban design to make Mollasadra Avenue an interactive urban space. This urban design framework could be used as a model to the revival of commercial and leisure streets elsewhere in Iran.

How to verify any relationship between initial value of a variable and its growth rate is a historical question. Robert Gibrat (1931) found a lognormal distribution for firms' size which was independent of their growth. Since 1990s, Gibrat's Law has been considered applicable in urban studies to specify whether or not city size has lognormal distribution (mostly verified). This study, using truncated data of 311 cities during 1355-85 and 30 provinces during 1375-85, estimated the relation between city size and city growth. The results show that Gibrat's Law is not confirmed with urban data so small cities having high growth rates converge towards large cities, with reasonable pace.

Nowadays urban sustainability policies has clarified the importance of neighborhood unites and local congregations in sustainable development concept framework more than ever. Hence the attention of urban management in planning has been attracted mostly to micro levels. In our country, also, paying attention to micro level at cities hasn't long history, though during recent years Tehran Urban Management established council association and then Neighborhoods' Serais to reach this goal. In this study well urban management, neighborhood-based planning, paying attention to neighborhood capabilities and capacities have been noticed and examined. Then in order to evaluate the efficiency of Neighborhoods' Serais performance in serai's local management, Serais of Evin, Tajrish and Niavaran at district I of Tehran Municipality were studied as sample and three basis of informing, awareness and public corporation in neighborhood affairs management and using neighborhoods capacities and capabilities were elicited using questioner and interview. Results obtained from this investigation indicated that all three Serais have different performances regarding these bases. Regarding informing and awareness basis, Evin Neighborhood Serai had better performance compared to Tajrish and Niavaran Neighborhoods Serais. Regarding enabling basis, using neighborhoods capabilities and capacities, urban management has not taken these capabilities and capacities into consideration, when defining neighborhood management activities basis, in spite of differences in population, social and economical features of above mentioned neighborhoods. Still neighborhood management has a far distance from principles of neighborhood-based planning and well ruling.

In recent years, urbanization has always experienced ever increasing growth. In that, the last decades of the past century witnessed 100% increase in urban population, comprising about 45% of the world population. Besides advantages such as accessibility to clean water, hygiene, and so like, the negative effects of urbanization on environment, especially degradation and pollution of urban environment, cannot be ignored. These negative effects have faced the process of environmental aesthetics experience in human with problem. On the other hand, in half of the twentieth century, environmental aesthetics related theoretical subjects and understanding the beauty of natural and artificial environments around human being were addressed more than ever. Paying attention to this approach was a response to analytical aesthetic attitude towards understanding and perceptualization of the environment which argued that aesthetics and understanding natural and artificial environment around men are unimportant, subjective, and non-aesthetics due to the defects and failures of environment and nature and the way they are understood. In contrast, environmental aesthetics theorists such as Hepburn and Aldo Leopold believed that natural and human-made environments surrounding men are indeed resources that can be used to obtain a different aesthetics experience which is potentially rich and valuable. Since environment is in no way limited to concepts such as artistic-historical traditions and artistic-critical theories. Therefore, it allows human to obtain infinite, pleasant, and creative understanding of it. It is the understanding that follows an evolutionary shift from superficial aesthetics experience to a deep and serious one. Therefore, environmental aesthetics and the experience from it are formed based on two main bases. First, differences between art and environment with respect to the resources available for achieving aesthetics understanding and experience. In fact, environmental aesthetics paved the way for obtaining aesthetic experience from the environment by highlighting infinity of natural and human-made environments and the importance of understanding them by men. In order to revive the environmental aesthetic values in Daar Abaad river-valley area, the results of this research emphasize on the importance of preserving and reviving natural systems, training the citizens, creating a sidewalk along the river-valley, organizing and preserving the watershed ahead, preserving the corridors of the air and water streams, preserving and reviving the gardens within the urban part of the river-valley area, protecting the unstable soils in areas with a sharp slope, controlling the destruction and pollution in the natural margin of river valley, preserving and improving the biological diversity, and preventing the limitation of view toward the natural and mountainous sights.

In this study, the factors affecting organizational change perceived in District 17 will be reviewed. Several factors affect the perceptual process of organizational change. But in this study is based on Chvan-Fang Qi Ang (2010) variables, communication, collaboration, education, attitudes toward organizational change and organizational commitment have been studied. In the survey, to measure variables with a 5-choice Likert questionnaire that included 16 questions related to five variables were studied and 17 questions related to organizational change. The questionnaire among 147 managers, assistants and specialist staff were distributed in 17 municipalities. To analyze the data obtained from questionnaires, according to the normality of the data, linear regression was used. The results showed that all the variables of communication, collaboration, and education, attitude and commitment significantly positive effect on perceived organizational changes have had on the population studied.

The entrance space of the cities acts as one of the urban spaces, a joint linking the natural space outside to the artificial space inside. The illogical and unscheduled development of the cities as well as lack of concern for suitable space development paradigms has brought about weaknesses in the form and content of the entrance spaces of cities in Iran, causing numerous and various problems and disorders necessitates taking special and ground-breaking measures. The ravages of the epidemic until it has been common, this field cannot even meet the minimum requirements to read as well as an urban area. Expanding the ravages of the precipitous rate in these areas if that becomes inevitable in the future components of the innercity Special measures will be necessary to help. Since the entrance space in cities and urban areas is considered as one of the first spaces in the city which would deal with the phenomenon given the input patterns in the spatial relationship between these phenomenons. Studies in urban areas are according to the most basic approach. Thus, to achieve appropriate solutions in urban planning and coordinating the input current Due to the nature of the input and understanding of this phenomenon and the characteristics of One of the most fundamental issues must be considered in urban design. The entrance spaces of the last cities to study the evolution of social expression, cultural, political, and economic and technology over time the patterns of biological communities in the settlements of the land is affected. Spaces and the entrance gate into the old town and fort-defined coordinates, Entrance to the corridors with scattered ugly, worn out and worthless residential buildings And abandoned spaces are disturbing reports of uncontrolled growth and development of modem cities. City's growth starting or in other words, definitions of the limits for a city are irrelevant and meaningless. The purpose of this article Are, Redesigned a neglected part of the city in a new form, and Expression Coordinated with the needs of today and Cognition of Urban identity and its Factors and The role of these Factors in Promote identity of the urban entrance space In terms of visual and quality. In this research, at first has been explained the concept of urban space and concept of urban entrance as one of urban spaces. Then the concept of identity as an expectations expected of entrance of cities and the concept of urban identity and its Factors are described. Finally, according to the results and Extracted criteria, Eastern entrance of the Zanjan's city (freeway route of Tehran - Zanjan) is designed.

The need for urban housing is dependent on the population. In recent years due to increasing population and demand on the one hand, and rising land prices, on the other hand, tend to take advantage of dense inexpensive housing increased. Besides increasing tendency on urbanization in large cities, especially Tehran, leading to increased demand for housing complexes with a large number of adverse effects resulting from it. In recent years, dense and cheap projects with the aim of providing low-income housing in most cities was defined and expanded. Despite the rapid pace of construction projects and the demand for them was high but, in a short time was little demand for them. Not coordinated design of housing with residents, infrastructure failure, poor planning, poor access, and many architectural design conditions, including problems with them. In this study, the principles and criteria of good quality of housing and residential environment are examined. Finally, a comparative analysis of the qualitative characteristics of architectural design, an example of a project of building a residential complex built around Tehran in Melbourne (Australia) has been studied. Finally, a sample of projects in Tehran were selected and were analyzed through a questionnaire survey, qualitative characteristics design with the residential complex located in Melbourne, Australia, named Mazz building. The results showed that in evaluating the success of the future of a residential complex, the quality of architectural design plays an important role in addition to other factors. As the results, it can be desirable to build of housing and raising the quality design the planning, design and construction of houses for the middle class to be used.

The problem is studied within the traditional tourism activities are followed and failed at creating jobs and prosperity for the villagers as possible to earn enough to be effective. Inappropriate physical infrastructure as well as environmental and rural amenities and tourism, and lack of sufficient knowledge of their low education and tourism activities in the study area is another problem. So in this study is a case study of Marivan city tourist villages through the SWOT model and influence factors of rural tourism are evaluated Finally, with respect to the features and capabilities and limitations of the study area and utilizes the methods and models used Optimal strategies for rural tourism to be presented using SWOT model. Using the methodology of the study was descriptive - analytical survey method is performed. In the present study, collect data, document the visit and taking notes from the documents library And direct field observation, interviews, photo graphs, video, and data analysis methods for Strategic SWOT EXCEL and SPSS software is used. Also, to achieve the objectives of the study, three groups of officials and experts active, local elites and foreign residents and tourists have been selected as the target population.

Air pollution of Tehran is one the main urban concerns of the municipality and daily statistics of this pollution confirm the hazardous and unhealthy state of air contaminants of the city. A temporary tool of reliving air pollution through decreasing traffic jam is to develop traffic zones which their licenses may be sold for yearly, monthly or weekly periods. Currently, the prices are fixed whole throughout the period and this needs to be modified in order to take into account the varying prices in accordance with the varying level of air pollution.So, this paper suggests a multi-price model for non-annual traffic toll by clustering months based on statistics of air contaminants of Tehran from 1390 to 1392. This clustering by SOM method is based on contaminants such as nitrogen dioxide (N02), sulfur dioxide (C02), carbon monoxide (CO), ozone (03) and suspended particulate matters (PMs). Exploiting this pricing method results in increase of the toll price during periods that level of pollution is high. This leads to decrease of traffic jam in that period which in turn decreases the level of air pollution.

Evaluate policies related to the provision of land and housing, the most important issues in the field of urban planning is considered. Essential aspects of the problem, and it seems appropriate. The basic premise of research and policy ineffectiveness of government and other official bodies ever in the market to offer optimal performance optimization of urban land; this study attempts to identify areas of urban land supply for housing is unbalanced and inappropriate. Accordingly, the first step in the characterization study, the concepts and definitions of urban land and its associated elements are based. The research is exploratory, descriptive and analytical approach. Studies on the formulation and solution of policy and macro policy have benefited. The strategies and policies in this regard have been mentioned a few.

The performance of landscape ecology and its subsequent changes are hierarchically associated with three levels: the construction of patched units of ecological corridors, the construction of corridor units of ecological networks, and the construction of ecological-humanistic landscape configuration. Where Tehran's landscape is concerned, a lot of changes have happened in the quality of natural resource, and man-made constructions have increased. An important element of Tehran's landscape in the north is its valuable natural resources in 7 river-valleys of Chitgar, Kan, Farahzad, Darakeh, Maqsoodbaik, Darband, and Darabad that extend from the west to the east, playing an essential role in promoting ecological interactions. The increasing developments of cities, growth in constructions, and environmental pollutions have seriously challenged these important elements of Tehran's landscape. On the other hand, the principles of landscape ecology regarding the development of urban river- valleys highlight the importance of managing the landscape's natural resources, and the need to include them in the hierarchical land scape planning. In order to get to the core of this subject and realize the levels of performance appraisals for urban river-valleys, the present study aims to evaluate the three levels of ecological performance for Darakeh River-Valley in Tehran's landscape configuration by using the analytic network process. Any degradation in the biological and spatial quality of urban river corridors causes the biological and spatial transcendence of urban landscape to come to a stop. Therefore, in leading the sustainability program for river corridors, paying attention to the indicators of construction measurement alone in configuring applications and ecological patches are not enough, but the qualitative indicators for the performance of patches and corridors need to be considered in balancing, stabilizing, and transcending landscape ecological interactions. In this regard, the "Super Decision" software is used.

To obtain participatory community based development in recent major areas where face to face interactions are not available for all members of society, participation of ICT services in urban planning and management offers a higher level of partnership due to increase in the amount of information and the quantity of partners in processes. This article is trying to propose an electronic participation concept and evaluation of its applications in Tehran's neighborhood management and planning. In addition, it attempts to introduce a pattern to derive benefit from advantages of novel communication technologies to facilitate public participation. In this research, various methods of applying these tools will be discussed and some solutions are suggested to promote the e-participation level of people along with designing an interactive website for Enghelab neighborhood (District 11) in Tehran. This inquiry has a qualitative approach and uses library research, field works, observational studies, interviews and will study existing experiments. Based on research findings in selected neighborhoods, the interaction level and e-participation facilities have been evaluated inadequate. All under study and neighborhood related web logs and websites have an informative role rather than two way interactions between neighborhood and residents. Thus, the goals and approaches for Enghelab Website are based on access to a participatory website with discussion forums and other participatory facilities. Along with identifying the real communication constraints among citizens and officials; by implementing the suggestions in high levels of e-participation, it is expected that residents' acceptance of participatory websites will be increased.

Urban distressed area has been a serious problem in many cities in Iran for decades. One of the fundamental trends in Iranian government has been the implementation of consistent strategies for overcoming problems of urban distressed area. Old historical zone of Shiraz city is among the distressed area with different cultural, social and physical problems. Amongst the improvement and renovation policies for dealing with distressed areas is the concept of the people participation. Partnership is part of the social responsibility to overcome the urban problems. 'People Participation' is a very commonly used term in the urban development literature as well as in policy making and implementation by both governments and non-governmental bodies. It can be defined as an interventionist process leading to a sustainable improvement in the standard of living and welfare of the people living in the distressed areas.What people say is also what they believe as well as what they need. When investigating about the population structure of Shiraz distressed area, what the residents believe about their living area and their partnership in improvement and renovation is very important. The current study investigated what factors motivate people to participate in improving and renovating their living areas. For this purpose, answering the following questions was conducted: What ate the residents' views concerning their willingness to cooperate with the government for improving and renovating Shiraz distress areas? What are the factors that motivate residents to participate in improvement and renovation? What are the barriers that interfere with people' participation? In this study, the technique of the questionnaire is used and the statistical analysis of the questionnaire is carried out using the SPSS program. By using the questionnaire data, the population structure of Shiraz distressed area and their willingness to participate in improving and renovating program were identified. The questionnaire carried out in this study consisted of 21 questions. The questions were presented in either a short answer or multiple-choice format. The questionnaire survey carried out from July; 2012 until November 2012. 400 residents of the entire population of old historical zone of Shiraz city were asked to answer the survey questionnaire. in order to analysis the questionnaire. The questionnaire was assessed to see what will encourage people to participate in improving and renovating program. This is assessed by asking respondents to judge the partnership. The respondents were asked to rate the agreement of each item. It refers to the degree to which an individual approve the benefit of participation in improving and renovating program. There are different motivations affecting the people participation in improving and renovating program. For finding the motivations affecting the people participation, Kendall's tau correlation coefficient was calculated for vicariate comparisons between partnership and different items. Strong association was found for age and gender of the respondent. Also, the respondents who like to have relation with their neighbors and those have participated for regeneration and revitalization of urban distressed areas have more tendencies in participation. The most important reasons for participating in improving and renovating program identified through this study were; security progress of districts, the houses firmness and district cleanness. Survey respondents also indicated that encouragement of others, significantly contributed to the participating in improving and renovating program.

In recent years, we have witnessed the arrival of audit, particularly performance audit, in the different scientific sectors. In the current study which is an action research based on the extant reliable documents, it has been tried to address the role of performance audit in improving of developmental and servicing programs in rural areas, to be considered trends and processes of development in future knowledge-based societies. In other words, in this paper, has been considered and studied the role of performance audit on development program, in the knowledge-based society. The results of this study showed, develop and improve the programs and processes of development and rural servicing, needs to structural changes based on legal legitimating of institutions and planning organizations and exact supervision on this process, on the other hand, in the audit process of rural development program and capital resource in rural areas should be given more attention.

Despite considerable space to the question of justice in the distribution of utilities in developed countries, unfortunately, few studies have been done in this field in the country and most studies also have economic implications. While injustice cannot be limited to measuring economic inequality, as space is a fundamental dimension of human society. Hence, the analysis of the interaction between space and society in understanding social injustice and how to set planning policies to mitigate or resolve them is critical; Inadequate and inequitable distribution of services in urban areas due to the growing development of father-less, one of the challenges of urban management accountability to citizens. The study of inequalities in the distribution of services and identify spatial patterns of injustice in the city, we can know which of the services are unhappy in the situation. The results show that the concept of spatial justice in the distribution utilities to find ways to measure spatial injustice.

Shows locations of public space and urban disagreeing and agreeing to hold national and religious festivals and bereavements, the exchange of information, communication and interaction among citizens; Public space belongs to all of space (wisdom and collective identity formation) and open to the public. Public space is a reflection of the public sphere, and the two have a reciprocal relationship with each other. Operate freely NGOs, trade unions, social networking, print media and virtual expansion of the public sphere; Developed public sphere can be strengthened by public spaces. It also can improve the quality of public spaces, citizens are invited to attend the participation and dialogue with the public is growing. It should be noted that the democratization of urban spaces possible only through the public areas of the city may be; Areas such as public areas, an area located between civil society and government. What is the general nature of the public and private realms and benefit packages rid. The research study, "descriptive and analytical" approach to the exploration of the concept of civil discourse in public has been phenomenal. At the end of the analytical results to determine the emergence of civil discourse in urban areas is illustrated in detail.

Today, in the era of globalization, the concept of home and its reflection on the concept of cognitive architecture housing a lot of feedback that the cultural transformation of the house and become "House" to "non-house" is considered the most important. On the other hand, a man's home is the first place in which to experience the sense of space. Building a house is a cultural phenomenon and a culture that is strongly influenced by its spatial organization belongs. The concept of a new world in the age of technology, communications and information technology revolution and the widespread presence of the news media and virtual, have been structural changes. Descriptive and analytical data gathering tools for the home and library studies non-house concept formation is discussed. The results show that urban homes, non-symbolic of the home; non-house homes, custom homes, local world of houses, individual homes, houses democratization, gender of the household, home media, bureaucratic home; home business, the most important issues that can be evolutionary and architectural evolution of knowledge in architecture emphasized that post-structuralism.

Citizenship rights are substantially established on the basis of three principles of civil rights, political rights, and social rights and are considered as the main elements of the human rights. Several factors are involved in non-observance of citizenship rights though the main factor is dissatisfaction of citizens with the current atmosphere dominating on the personal life and generalizing the same to the public and urban space. The present research aims at extraction of definitions of "citizenship rights" from the viewpoint of the citizens. To achieve this goal, Pearson correlation coefficient method is used in the first section to clarify the correlation between the variable of "non-observance of regulations" and other defined variables and quality content analysis method is used in the second section to extract the main points in relate to the various aspects of citizenship rights. The research studies indicate that the most effective factor on abnormal behavior of the citizens and non-observance of rules and regulations is dissatisfaction with the mentel-psycbologicel conditions dominating on the mental space of citizens; the conditions arising from the private space of an individual that will be transferred to the public space and may lead to improper behavior by the citizens and infringe rights of other citizens. On the other hand, the findings in the second section of the research reveal that citizenship right is differently defined among various classes of society and concentrates on the mental needs and concerns of citizens in every class. It seems that inspiring the thoughts of those who define citizenship rights to the public minds and modifying or enactment of new laws on citizenship rights may considerably help the public education and internalization of the citizenship rights and laws.

Culture, the city and the area are three complementary phenomenons. In other words, all three complete human phenomena. The city's neighborhoods and culture and its content. One external and the other internal aspect of it. The neighborhood is one of the basic elements of cognition of urban spaces, such as buildings and monuments, cinemas, mosques and schools. The purpose of this paper is to assess the social and cultural development indicators show the levels of courses to benefit development of space and facilities. Statistics used in the study of the Organization of the municipality of Tehran province and Statistical Yearbook in the year 2012 is getting. The type r is functional and comparative analysis method and model used to model Electre. The results of the research show that between 20 area neighborhoods of Tehran municipality, in terms of benefit from cultural spaces and facilities there is a huge difference. In this area of development than other localities dolman social and cultural more than the rest.

The main objective of this study is to evaluate the consequences and economic impacts of vandalism on the costs of Mashhad municipality and specifying the position of social capital in it The data of this study gained by questionnaire filling and collected the information from various organizations of Mashhad municipality, To this purpose were used the Structural Equation Model (SEM) to evaluate the effectiveness a variety of social disorders on municipality expenditures and the economic consequences. The results indicated that, the inaccurate behaviors of citizenry and vandalism causes to be entered annually the amount of 808 billion riyals to Mashhad municipality, In this case, the highest costs in the various subsections of Mashhad municipality is pertained to department of civil service (except of parks and greens spaces organization, Ferdus organization and fire fighting and safety organization) (56.8 percent of total costs), parks and greens spaces organization (35.8 percent of total costs) and Bus organization (5.7 percent of total costs). The transportation and traffic organization (0.9 percent), paradise organization (0.5 percent) and railway operation company (0.3 percent) and fire fighting organization (0.1 percent) are in the next following ranks, The amount of social capital (With dimensions of the partnership, confidence, dignity and consultation), that is moderate in Mashhad and trust have the most share in its formation, Also, the results showed that, 10 percent increases in social capital in Mashhad citizens society is caused 1.2 percent reduction the destruction of equipment and facilities by citizens that this amount is equivalent to a reduction of approximately 9 billion rials, Finally, considering to the results, was provided appropriate executive strategies to increases the social capital and reducing the destruction results from non-observant of citizenship culture.