JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE
Year:2020 | Volume:19 | Issue:86 |Papers Count:15

Background: Assessing the personality aspects of schizophrenia can be effective in delivering effective treatment programs. But the key question is, is there a difference between the personality dimensions of men and women with schizophrenia and those with normal people? Aims: The purpose of the present study was to compare the gender dimensions of personality in patients with schizophrenia and normal individuals. Method: The study was causal-comparative. The statistical population consisted of all patients with schizophrenia referred to psychiatric clinic and living in maintenance centers and normal people in Tehran in 2017. 120 patients (60 patients living in the care center and 60 normal people) were selected by convenience sampling method. Research tools are: Cloninger's Nature and Character Questionnaire (TCI-56, 1993). Data were analyzed using multivariate analysis of variance. Results: The results showed a significant difference in the nature and character of the two groups (P<0/05). In particular, the highest difference between the two groups was related to self-efficacy and the least difference was related to reward. Conclusions: Overall, self-harm and avoidance in schizophrenia patients were more than normal individuals and in schizophrenia patients there was a significant difference between men and women.

Background: Obsessive-compulsive disorder is one of the most common and disabling psychological disorders. Many studies have investigated the effectiveness of mindfulness and exposure on the improvement of obsessive-compulsive disorder, but the key question is which of the two combinations of exposure, mindfulness, and mindfulness of exposure is most effective on obsessive-compulsive disorder in women? Aims: To compare the effects of exposure, mindfulness and mindfulness-exposure consciousness on combined obsessive-compulsive disorder in Arak women. Method: This was a quasi-experimental study with pre-test and post-test with 3-month follow-up and control group. The statistical population consisted of 25-40 year-old women in Shahrak, 64 were purposively selected, 16 in the exposure group (Fua, Yadin & Leicner, 2012), 16 in the consciousness group (Sears, 2015), 16 in the integrated group (16). Strauss et al., 2015) and 16 control groups were randomly assigned. Research instruments include: Yale Brwan Obsessive-Compulsive Scale (Dadfar, Bouhalari, Malekouti, and Bayanzadeh, 2001), Clinical Interview (Shadloo & Shahrivar, 1396), Psychiatrist's Diagnosis and Beck Depression Inventory (Rajabi and Karjouxmaee, 2012). Data analysis was performed using two-way mixed designs test. Results: Mindfulness, exposure and integration methods were significantly effective in reducing obsessivecompulsive symptoms compared to the control group (P<0/05). Exposure and consolidation methods were significantly more effective in improving OCD symptoms than mindfulness and no significant difference was observed between exposure and mindfulness ((P<0/05). Conclusions: Exposure was effective in improving OCD symptoms and symptoms).

Background: Overweight and obesity can have psychological causes. but the main question is: What are the psychological causes of obesity? Aims: The purpose of the present study was to investigate the lived experiences of obese people in overeating: Psychological causes of obesity in Isfahan. Method: This was a qualitative study. The statistical population of the study consisted of all adults with weight gain in Isfahan in 2018. Fourteen overweight adults were selected through purposive sampling. Tools include: In-depth semi-structured interviews. data were analyzed using Colaizzi's seven-step method. Results: The results of the study consisted of 115 concepts, 25 categories and 5 themes. The themes extracted are: 1) stress 2) emotional maladjustment 3) expectations and values 4) personality traits and 5) negative mood. The results of this study clearly indicate the role of negative mood and especially emotional dysregulation in overweight in obese individuals. Conclusions: Lack of necessary skills in stress management, emotions and relationships with specific personality traits can lead to overweight in obese individuals.

Background: Parenting styles are one of the most important factors affecting the upbringing of children and their personality traits. But the key question is whether there is a relationship between parenting styles and the demographic components of parents with their children's personality types. Aims: To investigate the relationship between parenting styles and parents' demographic components with their children's personality types. Method: This was a descriptive correlational study. The statistical population of the study consisted of all male and female high school students of Tabriz (with their parents) in the academic year of 2018-2019. 324 male and female students (165 girls and 165 boys) were selected using multistage cluster random sampling. The data collection tool was Eiseng Personality Questionnaire (1975) for children and adolescents and the Baumrind parenting practices questionnaire (1971). Data analysis was performed using Chi-square test and multivariate analysis of variance. Results: There was a significant relationship between parenting style with child personality type and parental education level (p<0/01). There was a significant relationship between family income and personality type of children (p<0/01). There was no significant relationship between type of residence and personality type of children (p<0/01) and there was no significant difference between male and female parents in parenting styles (p<0/01). Conclusions: The methods of decisive education are a good way to educate and develop the personality of children. Parental parenting styles can be used to develop children's personality.

Background: Justice is a human rights law. One type of justice is organizational justice, which is affected by various factors. But the key question is, does emotional intelligence have a direct impact on organizational justice and organizational entrepreneurship? And does mediating organizational justice have an indirect effect on organizational entrepreneurship? Aims: To design a structural model of organizational justice, identifying antecedents (organizational climate, emotional intelligence, organizational ethical values) and outcomes (organizational entrepreneurship). Method: The research was descriptive-correlational. The statistical population included all administrative and educational staff who were all selected as sample. Research tools include: Halpin & Craft (2000), Organizational Entrepreneurship Questionnaire, Marguerite Hill (2003), Nihof-Moorman Organizational Justice Questionnaire (1993), Shout et al. (1998), and Ethical Values Questionnaire. Organization Amix et al. (2008). Data were analyzed using structural equation method. Results: The results showed that emotional intelligence as an individual variable of organizational justice and entrepreneurship had no effect (P<0/001). Ethical values have a direct effect on organizational justice, but it does not affect entrepreneurship, but has an indirect effect on organizational justice. From the dimensions of organizational climate, the emphasis on production has a direct positive effect on organizational justice and organizational entrepreneurship. Harassment has a direct negative effect on organizational justice and entrepreneurship. The impact of these two is enhanced by the mediation of organizational justice on entrepreneurship. Spacing on organizational entrepreneurship has a significant negative direct effect. Group spirit has a significant negative direct effect on organizational justice. Also, mediating organizational justice has an indirect negative effect on entrepreneurship. Consideration has a positive and meaningful direct effect on organizational justice; it has a significant positive effect on organizational entrepreneurship only through the mediation of organizational justice. Organizational justice has a direct and positive effect on organizational entrepreneurship. Ethical values and organizational climate influence perceptions of organizational justice that mediate the role of justice in organizational entrepreneurship (P<0/05). Conclusions: Ethical values and organizational climate are influenced by perceptions of organizational justice that mediate the role of organizational justice in organizational entrepreneurship.

Background: Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction is a group program that uses a combination of mindfulness meditation, physical awareness and yoga exercises to increase awareness. Numerous studies have shown the effectiveness of mindfulness-based stress reduction training in individual and social contexts. But the key question is: Is mindfulness-based stress reduction training effective for adolescents' empathy and empathy? Aims: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of mindfulness-based stress reduction training on empathy and empathy in maternal adolescents in Ahvaz. Method: This was a quasi-experimental study with pre-test and post-test design and one month follow up with control group. The statistical population consisted of all male students of the first grade of high school in Ahvaz in the academic year 1396-96. Thirty consecutive male students were selected by convenience sampling method and were randomly assigned into two experimental and control groups (15 in each group). The research tools were: empathy and empathy scale in adolescents. Wozen, Patrusky, & Wankenburg, 2015) and mindfulness-based stress reduction training sessions (Chaskalone, 2011). Results: There was a significant difference between the experimental and control groups in empathy and empathy scores at posttest and follow up (P<0/001). Conclusions: Mindfulness-based stress reduction training can be used for empathy and empathy in maternal adolescents.

Background: Cancer-related burnout is one of the factors affecting the mental health of people with cancer. But the key question is whether compassion-focused therapy and mindfulness training can affect traumatic development and burnout in people with cancer? Aims: To compare the effectiveness of therapy focused on compassion and mind training on traumatic development and cancer-related burnout in cancer patients. Method: The experimental design was pre-test and post-test. The statistical population included all cancer patients of Prophet Akram Hospital who were referred for chemotherapy in 1396. Sixty subjects were selected by purposive sampling method and were randomly divided into three groups of 20 (two experimental and one control group). Instruments include the Teddych & Kahlone Trauma Disaster Questionnaire (1996) and the Okimama et al. Cancer Burnout Scale (2000), Mindfulness-Based Intervention (Bayer, 2014), and Gilbert Compassion Therapy Intervention (2005). Data were analyzed by multivariate analysis of covariance, extrapolated follow-up test and L-matrix. Results: Mindfulness-awareness and compassion-focused therapy had a significant effect on increasing traumatic development and decreasing burnout in patients (P<0/01). Also, mindfulness training on post-traumatic development was more effective than compassionate focused therapy, but there was no difference between the effectiveness of the two methods on cancer-related burnout (P<0/01). Conclusions: Mindfulness training and compassion-focused therapy interventions can be used to increase traumatic development and reduce burnout in cancer patients.

Background: Natural events such as floods are one of the direct experiences of traumatic events that can cause psychological disorders and require psychological interventions. Therefore, the purpose of the present study is to determine and compare effective interventions to reduce the symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder. Aims: To compare the efficacy of cognitive behavioral therapy with hypnotherapy and desensitization through eye movements and reprocessing to reduce the symptoms of traumatic stress disorder in flooded women. Method: This study was a quasi-experimental study with four groups pre-test and post-test design. The statistical population consisted of all middle-aged women in thirteen middle-aged cities of Lorestan province in 1398. 100 subjects were selected by random sampling method and were randomly assigned to experimental (3 groups of 20) and control (one group of 20). Research instruments are: Shapiro (2001), Eye Movement and Reprocessing (EMDR) Intervention Hypotheses, Cognitive Hypnotherapy Intervention Sessions (Aladdin, Aragbi et al., 2015) and Moghtadar, Hassanzadeh, Mirzaiian 1395), Ehlers & Clark (2000) and Ehlers et al. (2005) Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy Plan, and Horowitz et al. (1987) Event Impact Scale (IES-R). Data were analyzed using covariance analysis and Bonferroni post hoc test. Results: Three methods of cognitive behavioral intervention, cognitive hypnotherapy and EMDR had significant effect on reducing post-traumatic stress disorder (p<0/01). Cognitive-behavioral therapy had more effect than EMDR on reducing post-traumatic stress disorder (p<0/01). Conclusions: Cognitive-behavioral therapy can be used to reduce post-traumatic stress disorder.

Background: Nowadays, the rate of divorce is rapidly rising and this phenomenon is associated with significant economic, social, and psychological consequences and effects for divorced men and women. Aims: this study was carried out aimed to determine the psychological factors affecting divorce in qualitive view considering the cultural and social conditions of Tehran. Method: Necessary data in the present study was collected using a qualitative study and conducting a deep interview with 15 divorced women and men in Tehran, who were selected using purposive sampling method. The data collection method was deep semi-structured interview and these interviews continued until theoretical saturation. The Maxqda software environment and the thematic analysis were selected as the research method in order to analyze the data. Results: According to the results, 425 psychological codes were extracted in such a way that there were 390 post-marriage codes and 35 pre-marriage codes. There were four components of cognitive-temperamental, behavioral, emotional, conflict in roles and gender characteristics were arisen in the post-marriage group and the cognitivetemperamental component was arisen in the pre-marriage category. Conclusions: According to the results, the psychological factors have a significant effect on the formation of divorce before and after marriage. The indicators in each of the above components, in form of a chain and with other groups can lead to formal divorce as causal, underlying or intervening.

Background: The effectiveness of emotionally-focused education on several psychological variables has been shown, but the impact of sexual intimacy and interpersonal forgiveness on couples with marital conflict has remained neglected; So, does emotion-focused education affect couples' intimacy and interpersonal forgiveness? Aims: The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of emotion-focused education on sexual intimacy and interpersonal forgiveness of couples with marital conflict. Method: In this study, a quasi-experimental method with pre-test and post-test with control group was used. Thirty couples were selected from the statistical population of couples referring to Tehran psychiatric clinics in district 1 and were randomly assigned into two groups of 15 couples. Research instruments included Interpersonal Forgiveness Questionnaire (2000), Sexual Assault of Battalni et al. (2010). The findings were finally analyzed using ANCOVA test. The Johnson Approach (2012) training was administered to the experimental group couples for 8 sessions. Results: The results of covariance showed that training with emotion-focused approach had positive effect on increasing sexual intimacy and interpersonal forgiveness of couples with marital conflict (p≤ 0/001). Conclusions: Based on this, it can be said that education with an emotionally oriented approach can be effective and can help counselors and psychotherapists to improve sexual intimacy and interpersonal forgiveness of couples.

Background: Numerous studies have shown the effectiveness of verbal instructions and observational training separately, howevere, the simultaneous effect of these two variables on motor performance in autistic children is unclear yet. Aims: to determine two type of verbal instruction to effect and form of movement during observing the model on overarm throwing in autism children. Method: This study was quasi-experimental with pre-test and post-test design. The statistical population of the study was all autistic children of Nik Andishan Center of Sari (68 persons). 24 children aged 7-10 years were selected as the sample and randomly divided into two groups of pattern-focusing on pattern of movement and patternfocusing on effects. Movements were affected. Exercises (according to al-Abboud et al., 2002) in both groups included observing 10 skillful throwing models over the shoulder, with each group receiving prior instruction of its own. Before and after the interventions, motor performance of both groups was evaluated by the shoulder throwing test (Chivoyakovsky et al., 2008) and analyzed by paired t-test, ANOVA. Results: both groups showed a significant increase from the pre-test to post-test in the performance of overarm throwing (p≤ 0/05). In the post-test, the modeling-focus on movement effects group compared to the modeling-focus on movement forms group had significantly higher performance (p≤ 0/05). Conclusions: Providing verbal instructions to movement effects of observed model improve the motor performance in children with autism spectrum disorder.

Background: Previous studies have determined that academic burnout is influenced by a variety of variables including perfectionism and mindfullness, but the important point in these studies is that the process of influencing has not been shown, especially through the mediating variabl. Aims: The aim of the present study was to examine the model of causal relationship of perfectionism and mindfillness with academic burnout with mediating role of unconditional self-aceptance and coping styles. Method: The population of this study consists of all all male high school students in Tehran in 1395-96. The sample of this study consists of 510 students who were selected by multi-stage random sampling method. The variables were measured by Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale Frost et al (1990) and Maslach burnout Questionnair (2002), Coping Inventory for Stressful Situations Endler and Parker (1990) and The Kentucky Inventory of Mindfulness Skills Baer et al (2004). Results: The Data were analyzed according to structural equation modeling (SEM) method. The fitness indicators of the model showed the proper fit with the data (χ 2=2/969, GFI=0/933, AGFI=0/901, CFI=0/975, NFI=0/963, RMSEA=0/063). The result showed that the direct paths of adaptive perfectionism to academic burnout, unconditional self-aceptance, problem-oriented coping and problem-oriented coping were statistically significant (p<0/05). Also, the paths from maladaptive perfectionism to unconditional self-aceptance, problem-oriented coping and emotion-oriented coping were statistically significant (p<0/05). The relationship between mindfulness and unconditional self-aceptance was significant (p<0/05). The relationship between maladaptive prfectionism and academic burnout was not significant (p>0/05). In addition, the relationship between mindfulness and academic burnout, problem-oriented coping, and emotion-oriented coping styles was not insignificant (p>0/05). The results of indirect path from adaptive perfectionism and maladaptive perfectionism and mindfullness to academic burnout by unconditional self-aceptance, problem-oriented coping and emotion-oriented coping were significant. Conclusions: The results of the research showed that the perfectionism and mindfulness are directly and indirectly related to academic burnout whit the mediators of coping styles and unconditional self-aceptance.