Adaptation of Local Calendars to Achaemenid Empire Bureaucratic System

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MAKVANDI LEILA; Paighambari Hamidreza

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Journal: PAZHOHESH-HA-YE BASTANSHENASI IRAN Year:2019 | Volume:9 | Issue:20 Page(s): 95-114

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Information Journal Paper

Title

Adaptation of Local Calendars to Achaemenid Empire Bureaucratic System

Author(s)

MAKVANDI LEILA | Paighambari Hamidreza | Issue Writer Certificate

Keywords

AchaemenidQ2

Old Persian CalendarQ1

Babylonian CalendarQ1

Egyptian CalendarQ1

Intercalary MonthQ1

Abstract

Calendars are one of the main bases of the administrative affairs of ancient archives in all administrative structures. What distinguishes the Achaemenid imperial administrative structure from other ancient states is the variety of archives in this period in terms of script, language and calendar. At the center of the kingdom, the Old Persian and Elamite calendars were used. In the Mesopotamia and Jewish islands on the Nile, Babylonian Calendar and in Egypt, Egyptian Calendar was used. Despite the fact that in correspondence between different archives a standard calendar was not used, the main question of the present research is how Achaemenians coordinated these calendars? In order to answer this question, the first calendars in this period based on the royal inscriptions and Persepolis archives along with Mesopotamia and Aramaic documents from Egypt and Bacteria are introduced, and then the ways in which these calendars are adapted in administrative documents have been investigated. The hypothesis of this paper is that the Achaemenians tried to adapt different calendars without requiring different parts of the kingdom to use the same calendar. Since the Old Persian, Elamite and Babylon calendars had the same structures – they were lunisolar, in which the lunar months and the solar year were calculated– in order to begin the year at the spring equinox, it was necessary to add Intercalary Months to the calendar during the year. In Mesopotamia and Elam, the addition of the Intercalary Month was influenced by political factors. However, in this study, it is suggested that the Achaemenians coordinated the local calendars in their administrative system by mathematical and astronomical calculations and by the addition of the intercalary. The best evidence for this claim is the Egyptian administrative documents, in which, in coordination with the Imperial bureaucracy and along with the traditional solar calendar, the lunisolar dating is also used.

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APA: Copy

MAKVANDI, LEILA, & Paighambari, Hamidreza. (2019). Adaptation of Local Calendars to Achaemenid Empire Bureaucratic System. PAZHOHESH-HA-YE BASTANSHENASI IRAN, 9(20 ), 95-114. SID. https://sid.ir/paper/245053/en

Vancouver: Copy

MAKVANDI LEILA, Paighambari Hamidreza. Adaptation of Local Calendars to Achaemenid Empire Bureaucratic System. PAZHOHESH-HA-YE BASTANSHENASI IRAN[Internet]. 2019;9(20 ):95-114. Available from: https://sid.ir/paper/245053/en

IEEE: Copy

LEILA MAKVANDI, and Hamidreza Paighambari, “Adaptation of Local Calendars to Achaemenid Empire Bureaucratic System,” PAZHOHESH-HA-YE BASTANSHENASI IRAN, vol. 9, no. 20 , pp. 95–114, 2019, [Online]. Available: https://sid.ir/paper/245053/en

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