PAZHOHESH-HA-YE BASTANSHENASI IRAN
Year:2019 | Volume:9 | Issue:20 |Papers Count:12

Hassuna culture is one of the early periods in the Initial Village of Zagros that was indicated as an index for these periods after the excavation of Hassuna site. This culture was found the first in the northern Mesopotamia and then in other places such as Turkey and northwestern Iran. At the beginning of level II Hassuna, new thick pottery has been found. This culture also has characteristic streaky assemblages such as pottery so-called “ Husking Tray Ware” that belong to the transitional Chalcolithic period in Mesopotamia. Finding some samples in the Hamedan plains, which were highly similar to those potteries, many questions were raised about the relationship of the eastern central Zagros with Mesopotamia and if the environment is capable of resulting such a culture or not. This study is conducted with an ecological approach, hypothesizing that the cultural similarities of Iran and Mesopotamia have been influenced by environmental similarities, even in minimum scales, and if the cultural changes occur in reaction to the changes of ecological relations. Finding such similar samples in Hamedan plain can be an evidence of its cultural influences in about eight centuries later in the eastern regions of central Zagros, although the evidence of this influence is seen lesser in the west and central areas of central Zagros. With finding other samples in eastern and northern regions of Hamedan province, we can suggest that a giant curved path from the north-west of Iran to the more centric and then western regions for transporting such a technic in pottery making. It seems that a curved path can be considered for this culture. And this path can be from the north of Mesopotamia reaches the lake Urumia and from there in the natural ways of Zanjan province, especially the Abhar river basin, into the plain of Hamedan.

The expansion of socio-economic complexities in Central Plateau of Iran (CPI) occurred during the transitional and early chalcolithic Periods (5th millennium BCE). Methodology of the present research based on the analysis of pottery data and some other and complementary evidences of the 5th millennium BCE which have been discovered in Qazvin and Tehran Plains’ archaeological surveys, newly added sites’ excavations such as Chahar Boneh and Ebrahim Abad, re-excavations of some prehistoric sites such as Zaghe, Qabrestan and Sialk, and finally, laboratories researches and chronological studies in CPI region. Pottery production which was common place in the form of household in the half of the 6th millennium BCE in CPI’ s societies, gradually, was specialized due to improving of the pottery production and painting from Sialk I1-3 to Sialk I4-5. The important changes that occurred in this period are included: the increasing of prehistoric sites in Tehran Plain; the producing of counting objects in Zagheh; putting gifts made of non-native raw materials in the graves of Zagheh; the appearance of elegant and red pottery of Cheshmeh Ali in the area of CPI; and baking of pottery in advanced furnaces in Tepe Pardis. Most of mentioned evidences on the prevalence of workshop and production activities in this period. Some important developments, such as advances in architecture, metalworking and pottery, took place from the early Chalcolithic (Sialk III1-3) to the late Chalcolithic (III6-7b). Also, the evidences of copper ore melting were obtained in Qabrestan and Sialk in this period. The existence of planning and organization in the societies of the 5th millennium BCE in CPI is proven by the use of potter’ s wheel, the exploitation of advanced pottery furnaces, the decoration of interior and exterior surfaces of potteries with geometric, plant, animal, human and narrative designs, and using characteristics such as proportionality, symmetry, composition and framing are the reasons of the specialized production.

As a cultural material, pottery is an important evidence to achieve chronology and recognize settlement period in any archeological site. Gotvand city is one of the prominent zones in terms of cultural data, particularly potteries found in Gach-e Sangi site. This site is located at north of Susiana Plain near Karun River where educational exploration was conducted and some potteries were collected by surface survey and within trench I and its sounds. The main questions raised in this study include what types of pottery are important, to which designs these are decorated, and to what phases these belong? Moreover, another issue of the study is the analysis of the situation and position of this site among Susiana plain sites. Due to the importance of this cultural material, 86 important pottery artifacts were selected and studied using a comparative-analytical method. Results showed that the most frequent form of potteries was of open-mouth types, especially bowls and glasses, except for a limited number of them that had animal designs, the rest has been decorated by geometrical designs, which temporally belong to the Mid-and Late Susiana phases. In other words, based on chronological order for potteries, the above-mentioned habitat has been formed at the end of the 6th BC and early 5th BC millennia (Mid-Susiana); the issue that was not mentioned in former analytical studies of archaeologists (e. g., Henry Wright) in the site. This site has been incessantly dwelled since the formation in the given phase to the end of the urbanism period. In addition, stylistic and technical analysis and comparison of the important potteries indicated that regardless of continuity of some types, proportional to change and influence of pottery tradition, this site, especially in the new city of Susiana was affected by these transformations and had cultural relations to other zones.

On the dishes obtianed from the civilization of the Halirood basin, were engraved various humans, plants, animals and geometric designs. Among them, animal schemes are prominent in terms of abundance, human creativity, artistic and ritual status. Accordingly, the main purpose of the article is the study and introduce animalistic motifs of civilization in the Halilrood, Jiroft, based on the objects which discovered and obtained from this civilization in light of the theory of Totem, and seeks to response the question: What are meanings the animalistic motifs of the Halilrood (Jiroft) civilization? A totemic study of animalistic motifs in the Halilrood basin creates a new understanding for the audience, and human actors in the Halilrood basin could have approaches from respect for holiness, taboo and fear for the carve of animals on objects. This research covering the field of history, archeology and psychology. Accordingly, the research data was provided with field research and library tools and based on the totemic theory deal with a combination of descriptive-analytical method. The statistical society consisted of 171 vases, 122 vases in Jiroft, “ Jiroft; the oldest civilization of the east” (Majidzadeh, 2002), and 49 vases in the “ Objects from the Jiroft treasury” (Piran, 2013). As total, 213 items were counted and divisions and study of the motifs also were done. The findings of the research indicate that animal motifs with 47. 88% of the total number of motifs constitute the most abundant patterns in the Helilrood basin civilization, and in the next category geometric motifs with 20. 65% and plant motifs with 12. 67% were placed. Man-made patterns-animals that inserted in 15 dishes make up 11. 73% percent of the motifs. Animal motifs fill with religious and religious nature, and it is likely that the civilized human being living in the Halilrood basin in the Carve of these animals, as well as the carve of humans on the dishes, has a look of respect and sanctity.

New conducted archaeological excavations in the cultural area of Black Sea and South Caucasus indicate accumulation of Achaemenid artistic data and the effects of Persian style in architecture that include palaces, columned halls and room, gates, and rock cut tombs. Achaemenid traces and the traces which related to the new art families in the cultural area of Black Sea were taken from different regions such as Anatolia, Ukraine, Russia, Bulgaria, Georgia, Armenia and Azerbaijan. At Satrapi of Thrace, Borysa and Doriskos along with a royal residence were built. In Pontus and Oluz Hö yü k, Achaemenid palaces with column base were made; in Qaracamirli, Azerbaijan, east and central Georgia, historical monuments similar to Achaemenid cases and rockcut tombs affected by Achaemenid architecture have identified in Anatolia. We see a sort of unity in construction and decoration in the obtained works of cultural area of Black Sea that, due to the volume of Achaemenid architecture works, the need for a comprehensive, scientific, and objective research will pose in this regard. The questions raised in this study are: 1-How does the Achaemenid art and architecture affect the architecture of the Black Sea and the South Caucasus in the Achaemenid era? 2-How to form the art style “ Ionic-Achaemenid” on the architectural monuments of the cultural zone of the Black Sea and the South Caucasus in the Achaemenid era? Are. The results of this research show that following the Achaemenid court style, the Achaemenid architecture has been harmonized in the field of study. Also, in the western part of Anatolia, after the formation of a new artistic style called Ionian-Achaemenid, it has had a direct impact on the architecture of this period in the field of study. This study has been fundamental. By descriptive-analysis method and documentation of data based on quantitative methods and analyzing data, Achaemenid architecture analysis will be discussed in the field of study.

Calendars are one of the main bases of the administrative affairs of ancient archives in all administrative structures. What distinguishes the Achaemenid imperial administrative structure from other ancient states is the variety of archives in this period in terms of script, language and calendar. At the center of the kingdom, the Old Persian and Elamite calendars were used. In the Mesopotamia and Jewish islands on the Nile, Babylonian calendar and in Egypt, Egyptian calendar was used. Despite the fact that in correspondence between different archives a standard calendar was not used, the main question of the present research is how Achaemenians coordinated these calendars? In order to answer this question, the first calendars in this period based on the royal inscriptions and Persepolis archives along with Mesopotamia and Aramaic documents from Egypt and Bacteria are introduced, and then the ways in which these calendars are adapted in administrative documents have been investigated. The hypothesis of this paper is that the Achaemenians tried to adapt different calendars without requiring different parts of the kingdom to use the same calendar. Since the Old Persian, Elamite and Babylon calendars had the same structures – they were lunisolar, in which the lunar months and the solar year were calculated– in order to begin the year at the spring equinox, it was necessary to add intercalary months to the calendar during the year. In Mesopotamia and Elam, the addition of the intercalary month was influenced by political factors. However, in this study, it is suggested that the Achaemenians coordinated the local calendars in their administrative system by mathematical and astronomical calculations and by the addition of the intercalary. The best evidence for this claim is the Egyptian administrative documents, in which, in coordination with the Imperial bureaucracy and along with the traditional solar calendar, the lunisolar dating is also used.

Despite the brilliant history of Iran, as one of the first promoters of coinage and the worthy collections of coins remained from ancient times, the cognitive study as an independent kind of science or as the historian supplement studies, was at less attention in Iran. In this research, 10 samples of silver coins related to the Achaemenian dynasty, were selected from a big collection of 57 pieces, which is kept in Pars Museum of Shiraz. This collection were recorded from the thieves of cultural relics in Marvdasht of Fars province in 2009, and was used for the elemental analysis at this article. As these coins are precious museum objects, sampling is very restricted, and the analytical method must be as non-destructive as possible. In different laboratories around the world, extensive methods of analysis are used in order to quantitative analysis of the elements, including particle induced X-ray emission spectroscopy (PIXE). This facility is available in Iran, so due to limitations in sampling and in using the other destructive methods in this study, PIXE analytical method was selected to be used in the analyzing process. Since the amount of metal elements plays an important role in determining the authentication of the Achaemenid coins, the percent of following elements were measured in the coin samples: Aluminum (Al), Sulfur (S), Chlorine (Cl), Calcium (Ca), Titanium (Ti), Manganese (Mn), Iron (Fe), Copper (Cu), Zinc (Zn), Silver (Ag), Lead (Pb), and, Gold (Au). This assessment was based on the assumption that the trace elements present in the sample, especially gold, could be considered as an indicator of the authenticity of the coins. To confirm the results obtained, more comprehensive studies, trying to the other sophisticated non-destructive methods, study of the phases, and metallurgical studies, are recommended

Throughout history, nature and ecosystem characteristics of the river Seymareh have had an irrefutable effect on the formation and development process of human settlements. Archeological studies in the Seymareh basin have been discovered over the past decade, and obtained valuable evidence for analytical researches in various areas of pottery, architecture and various handicrafts. As a result of one of the archaeological methodological studies in a domain so-called Tange Kaffari on the margin of the river Rouha, parts of the structural elements on the rocky bed of the Mela Ruteh Mountains were revealed on a terrace from the third era of geology and on a steep slope toward the river Rouha. Existing sets of evidences and evaluations based on a preliminary review of pottery documents, documentation of building works, and the observation and understanding of environmental obvious things lead to purposeful exploration. The preliminary results confirm the compliance of architectural structures with the systematic design, the precise paints and a well-known style of the Sasanian period, and the implications of the examination of pottery documents are in confirmation of this date. On the other hand, the geographic and strategic position of the area and the drilled and investigated area indicating a confrontation to one of the important communication routes between the ancient Mesopotamia and the Ilam, and the vital role of the Strait in the passage from the border of the Seymareh to Darehshahr and then to Lorestan. Hence, it is not far from the mind, deduction of communication motives, exchanges and social movements to establish these structures. Factors such as the complexity of the map, the diversity of space, the quality of materials, and the possible scope of construction, while, make it possible for local rule under the rule of Sassanid empire, and it is no doubt on necessity monitors on continuity of exploration.

Sogdian language has been the language of people of Sogdian land. The Sogd center Samarkand and the most important their city of Bukhara has been in the present Republic of Uzbekistan. The Sogdian language as one of the Iranian languages in Central Asia has been widely used in expressing and reflecting the religious orders of some Pre-Islamic religions. In addition, the Sogdian language has been the as administrative, commercial and cultural language in other areas, such as Turfan oases in the Turkestan. In 1904-1907 a mission from Germany discovered a collection of Sogdian texts in the ruins of Church Nestorian Christians Bulayiq in located in oasis China’ s Turfan, these texts include symbols of confession, baptism and lord’ s supper in Christianity in the East. The main question in this research is how the Sogdian language played a role in the development and spread of Christianity in the Silk Road and how are the symbols of Western Christianity preserved in Eastern Christianity and finally, Eastern Christianity has innovated in the foundation and teachings of Christianity? The hypothesis of this paper is that the symbols in Eastern Christianity are almost identical with the symbols of Christianity in Rome, and the Nestorian Church’ s view of the existential nature of Jesus does not match the Roman Catholic Church. This research has been conducted with a historical – analytical method based on sources, texte and library documentations and the outcome of the research indicates that the confession was held at the beginning of the group, but in the next few years, confessions were carried out privately and in secret. The symbol of baptism has changed in both Eastern and Western Christianity and lord’ supper is held in all sects of Christianity in the tradition of the Bible.

Fakhr-Ö-Madin were elements of native architecture of Iran that have a special place in different types of Iranian architecture. This element as a technique in material arrangement has been used in architecture since the past to date; Architects used this technique to create shadow and bright for visual beauty, and to absorb the looking at the facade. In the initial view, the Fakhr-Ö-Madin is merely a decorative element, but the main issue of the present research is that the Fakhr-Ö-Madin beside the decorations has created ways to create a sense of place in Iranian-Islamic monuments? To answer this question, it is needed to know the changes of this element through the time and place; to clarify the subject, the mosque was chosen as the case study. The main reasons for this choice is that mosques have constructed in different periods form the early Islam era up to now, and the Fakhr-Ö-Madin has been used lesser in other types of architecture. The present study is an application Comparative research and the required information has been collected from library references and field surveys. The results show that the Fakhr o Madin as an architectural element is essentially an application element. The main characteristics of the Fakhr-Ö-Madin which encouraged the architects to use it are security, privacy, thermal comfort and ventilation, beauty, visual interaction and lighting. In different historical periods, along with the political and belief changes the Fakhr-Ö-Madin has changed too. However, this element has been effective in various historical intervals in creating a sense of place, sensory and emotional experiences and mental images in individuals.

The process of climate change in a long term can reduce the presence of men in the outdoors so that they resort to the indoors particularly in the hot and dry climates. The problem may decrease the rate of health among individuals as the effect of high temperature and increase the amount of consuming energy in the building due to the long-term use of indoor space. According to the need of proposing climate strategies to improve the outdoor climate quality and comparing with the native architecture, this research intends to assess the adaptation level of central courtyard of tradition houses in Qajar era with the climate condition in Shiraz, Iran. In other words, how can physical and environmental features such as outdoor percentage, direction, sky view factor, vegetation, water and certain materials affect the thermal comfort and extent of using space by men? seven Qajar houses in Shiraz were selected with the aim of prioritizing the effectiveness of above components, Using ENVI-met V. 4 Basic for 3D simulation and assessment of microscale urban conditions, the assessment of thermal comfort level determined based on PMV index. The results demonstrate that more shading is seen for the courtyards with the least sky view factor and area so that it results in a better outdoor thermal comfort for the dwellers. Meanwhile, the direction of optimum rotation is about 27° SW. factors such as shading of trees and humidity effect of water pools cannot be forgotten in softening the microclimate air in the central courtyards. According to the coefficients of analyses, there is significant correlation between mean radiant temperature and PMV thermal comfort index in hot and dry climate in Shiraz.

The historical texture of the city of Yazd houses various buildings of different periods in its heart and houses related to the Qajar period have a special place. Of these, twelve houses have mirrored decorations (Aina-kari) that embellish various motifs. This research is carried out using historical an analytical descriptive method. To this end, the sources of research, including written sources, have been gathered by library method and have been used to analyze the symbolic meanings of the intended motifs. The most important questions raised in this research are: What symbolic motifs have been used in mirroring of houses in Yazd? What is the symbolic origin of these motifs? The results of this research show that decorative motifs are classified into four general categories including herbal, animal, geometric and epigraphy. Each of these can include symbolic meanings. Many of these motifs have a special meaning in their pre-Islamic culture and have been used in Islamic culture either with the same concept or with little change as a symbol. Some of the motifs can be observed although they did not exist in pre-Islamic culture of Iran, but they also had an effect on Persian literature and used in applied arts because of their importance and emphasis on Islamic culture. Some of the motifs have important in Persian literature and are considered as symbols. Therefore, three origins can be used as the symbolic source of many motifs used in mirroring of Yazd city including Iran’ s pre-Islamic culture, the Iranian Islamic culture and Persian literature.