An Exploratory Study of Units of Reporting Opium Use in Iran: Implications for Epidemiologic Studies

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MOHEBBI ELHAM; KAMANGAR FARIN; RAHIMI MOVAGHAR AFARIN; HAGHDOOST ALI AKBAR; ETEMADI ARASH; Amirzadeh Saber; NAJAFI FARID; Shafeie Fariba; FAKHARI ALI; Ghaleban Karim; Shahid Sales Soodabeh; HOSSEINI ZEINAB SADAT; HONARVAR MOHAMMAD REZA; Majnooni Fatemah; HADJI MARYAM; ZENDEHDEL KAZEM

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Journal: ARCHIVES OF IRANIAN MEDICINE Year:2019 | Volume:22 | Issue:10 Page(s): 541-545

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Title

An Exploratory Study of Units of Reporting Opium Use in Iran: Implications for Epidemiologic Studies

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Keywords

Environmental Exposures

Epidemiology

Iran

Opium

Substance-related disorders

Abstract

Background: Measuring the amount of Opium use is a challenge in epidemiologic studies. Self-report of amount of Opium use at each consumption, widely used in the literature, usually fails to provide a good estimate. The purpose of this study is to systematically study the perceived weight units of reported Opium use in Iran, and compare them to the standardized units of weight measurement. Methods: An exploratory descriptive study was conducted in six major cities of Iran. Study participants were interviewed and asked to use a Play-Doh-like material to demonstrate the amount of Opium they use. To obtain an estimate of the weight of the material used, we multiplied the volume by the density of the Opium product. We experimentally determined the density of the commonly used Opium products. We used medians and inter-quartile ranges (IQRs) to report the typical amount of each unit. Results: A total of 108 individuals participated in this study. The most frequently reported unit was “ gram” ; the median perceived weight for one gram (g) of Opium was 0. 24 (IQR: 0. 16) g. The second most commonly used unit was nokhod with a median of 0. 16 (IQR: 0. 16) g, followed by mesghaal and hab/habeh, which were 1. 28 (IQR: 0. 81) and 0. 16 (IQR: 0. 16) g, respectively. The median perceived weight of mesghaal and gram in the studied cities was less than the expected standardized values. Conclusion: In conclusion, the reported amount of Opium use is highly inaccurate and unreliable, and is mainly subject to underestimation.

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APA: Copy

MOHEBBI, ELHAM, KAMANGAR, FARIN, RAHIMI MOVAGHAR, AFARIN, HAGHDOOST, ALI AKBAR, ETEMADI, ARASH, Amirzadeh, Saber, NAJAFI, FARID, Shafeie, Fariba, FAKHARI, ALI, Ghaleban, Karim, Shahid Sales, Soodabeh, HOSSEINI, ZEINAB SADAT, HONARVAR, MOHAMMAD REZA, Majnooni, Fatemah, HADJI, MARYAM, & ZENDEHDEL, KAZEM. (2019). An Exploratory Study of Units of Reporting Opium Use in Iran: Implications for Epidemiologic Studies. ARCHIVES OF IRANIAN MEDICINE, 22(10), 541-545. SID. https://sid.ir/paper/281877/en

Vancouver: Copy

MOHEBBI ELHAM, KAMANGAR FARIN, RAHIMI MOVAGHAR AFARIN, HAGHDOOST ALI AKBAR, ETEMADI ARASH, Amirzadeh Saber, NAJAFI FARID, Shafeie Fariba, FAKHARI ALI, Ghaleban Karim, Shahid Sales Soodabeh, HOSSEINI ZEINAB SADAT, HONARVAR MOHAMMAD REZA, Majnooni Fatemah, HADJI MARYAM, ZENDEHDEL KAZEM. An Exploratory Study of Units of Reporting Opium Use in Iran: Implications for Epidemiologic Studies. ARCHIVES OF IRANIAN MEDICINE[Internet]. 2019;22(10):541-545. Available from: https://sid.ir/paper/281877/en

IEEE: Copy

ELHAM MOHEBBI, FARIN KAMANGAR, AFARIN RAHIMI MOVAGHAR, ALI AKBAR HAGHDOOST, ARASH ETEMADI, Saber Amirzadeh, FARID NAJAFI, Fariba Shafeie, ALI FAKHARI, Karim Ghaleban, Soodabeh Shahid Sales, ZEINAB SADAT HOSSEINI, MOHAMMAD REZA HONARVAR, Fatemah Majnooni, MARYAM HADJI, and KAZEM ZENDEHDEL, “An Exploratory Study of Units of Reporting Opium Use in Iran: Implications for Epidemiologic Studies,” ARCHIVES OF IRANIAN MEDICINE, vol. 22, no. 10, pp. 541–545, 2019, [Online]. Available: https://sid.ir/paper/281877/en

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