EXPOSURE TO FLUORIDE IN SMELTER WORKERS IN A PRIMARY ALUMINUM INDUSTRY IN INDIA

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SUSHEELA A.K.; MONDAL N.K.; SINGH A.

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Journal: INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL MEDICINE Year:2013 | Volume:4 | Issue:2 Page(s): 61-72

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Title

EXPOSURE TO FLUORIDE IN SMELTER WORKERS IN A PRIMARY ALUMINUM INDUSTRY IN INDIA

Author(s)

SUSHEELA A.K. | MONDAL N.K. | SINGH A. | Issue Writer Certificate

Keywords

FLUORIDES

FLUOROSIS

DENTAL

INDUSTRY

OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES

EARLY DIAGNOSIS

PREVENTION AND CONTROL

Abstract

Background: Fluoride is used increasingly in a variety of industries in India. Emission of fluoride dust and fumes from the smelters of primary aluminum producing industries is dissipated in the work environment and poses occupational health hazards.Objective: To study the prevalence of health complaints and its association with fluoride level in body fluids of smelter workers in a primary aluminum producing INDUSTRY.Methods: In an aluminum INDUSTRY, health status of 462 smelter workers, 60 supervisors working in the smelter unit, 62 non-smelter workers (control group 1) and 30 administration staff (control group 2) were assessed between 2007 and 2009. Their health complaints were recorded and categorized into 4 groups: 1) gastro-intestinal complaints; 2) non-skeletal manifestations; 3) skeletal symptoms; and (4) respiratory problems. Fluoride level in body fluids, nails, and drinking water was tested by an ion selective electrode; hemoglobin level was tested using HemoCue.Results: The total complaints reported by study groups were significantly higher than the control groups. Smelter workers had a significantly (p<0.001) higher urinary and serum fluoride level than non-smelter workers; the nail fluoride content was also higher in smelter workers than non-smelter workers (p<0.001). The smelter workers with higher hemoglobin level had a significantly (p<0.001) lower urinary fluoride concentration and complained less frequently of health problems. Only 1.4% of the smelter workers were consuming water with high fluoride concentrations. A high percentage of participants was using substances with high fluoride contents.Conclusions: Industrial emission of fluoride is not the only important sources of fluoride exposure-consumption of substance with high levels of fluoride is another important route of entry of fluoride into the body. Measurement of hemoglobin provides a reliable indicator for monitoring the health status of employees at risk of FLUOROSIS.

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APA: Copy

SUSHEELA, A.K., MONDAL, N.K., & SINGH, A.. (2013). EXPOSURE TO FLUORIDE IN SMELTER WORKERS IN A PRIMARY ALUMINUM INDUSTRY IN INDIA. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL MEDICINE, 4(2), 61-72. SID. https://sid.ir/paper/320302/en

Vancouver: Copy

SUSHEELA A.K., MONDAL N.K., SINGH A.. EXPOSURE TO FLUORIDE IN SMELTER WORKERS IN A PRIMARY ALUMINUM INDUSTRY IN INDIA. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL MEDICINE[Internet]. 2013;4(2):61-72. Available from: https://sid.ir/paper/320302/en

IEEE: Copy

A.K. SUSHEELA, N.K. MONDAL, and A. SINGH, “EXPOSURE TO FLUORIDE IN SMELTER WORKERS IN A PRIMARY ALUMINUM INDUSTRY IN INDIA,” INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL MEDICINE, vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 61–72, 2013, [Online]. Available: https://sid.ir/paper/320302/en

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