NEGATIVE PREFIXES IN THE PERSIAN LANGUAGE

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SHAQAQI v.

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Journal: Nameh Farhangestan Year:2002 | Volume:5 | Issue:4 (20) Page(s): 85-96

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Title

NEGATIVE PREFIXES IN THE PERSIAN LANGUAGE

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Abstract

This paper deals with six negative prefixes that are found in contemporary Persian. Ranked according to their frequency of usage as determined by the author in her perusal of modern Persian sources, these are:1)غیر /geyr/ (= non-, un-). It is a prefix of Arabic origin which is used almost synonymously with the negative prefix -نا, but _نا is considered the stronger of the two, for instance غیر ممکن- and نا ممکن (both =impossible). In current Persian usage, غیر- is used where "non-" is used in English, e.g. غیر ایرانیان-(=non -Iranians). غیر- also combines with قابل/qābeI/ to create the compound negative prefixغیر قابل- (= un---able), such as غیر قابل -(= unusable).2) بی /bī/ (= without, -less). It combines with nouns to create adjectives or adverbs, such as بی شعور (= stupid) and بی درنگ.(= immediately).3) ضد/zed(d)/ (= anti-, counter-). It was originally an adjective of Arabic origin with the meaning of "working against" or "hostile to". As a prefix, it combines with nouns to create adjectives, such as ضد آب (= waterproof) or ضد افسردگی (= antidepressant).4) -نا and -نه /nā-, na-/ (= un-, in-, im-, il-, ir-). _نا and -نه are the most versatile and potent negative prefixes used in the language today. They combine with adjectives to create adjectives of opposite meaning, e.g. ناراحت (=uncomfortable) or حق شناس (= ungrateful). It is interesting to note that in such cases -نا is placed on the second element of the compound adjective.5)-لا /la-/ (= -less, un-). This negative prefix of Arabic origin is not used much these days to create new words, but it is found in a number of common words such as لاعلاج (= incurable).6) پاد/pād/ (= anti-). It is found only in a few old words and in some new coinages. It is combined with nouns to create a word of opposite meaning, e.g.پادتن /pādtan/ (= antibody).

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APA: Copy

SHAQAQI, v.. (2002). NEGATIVE PREFIXES IN THE PERSIAN LANGUAGE. NAME- YE FARHANGESTAN, 5(4 (20)), 85-96. SID. https://sid.ir/paper/87850/en

Vancouver: Copy

SHAQAQI v.. NEGATIVE PREFIXES IN THE PERSIAN LANGUAGE. NAME- YE FARHANGESTAN[Internet]. 2002;5(4 (20)):85-96. Available from: https://sid.ir/paper/87850/en

IEEE: Copy

v. SHAQAQI, “NEGATIVE PREFIXES IN THE PERSIAN LANGUAGE,” NAME- YE FARHANGESTAN, vol. 5, no. 4 (20), pp. 85–96, 2002, [Online]. Available: https://sid.ir/paper/87850/en

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