Fennel is one of the precious medicinal plant, widely used in pharmacy, perfume, cosmetic, hygienic and food industries. The essential oils extracted by water and steam distilled (Long & Kaiser) method from seeds, flowers, leaves and stems of Fennel (Foenic ulum vulgare Mill.) in different vegetative phases was analyzed by GC and GC/MS.Essential oils content in different organs were in seeds (2.5%), in flowers (2.8%).and in leaves and stems before flowering, flowering time and seed maturity time were (1.20%, 1.08%) and (0.42%, 0.47%, 0.26%) RespectivelyThe major constituents in seeds and flowers were: trans-anethole (68.4%, 84.0%), fenchon (4.6%, 7.7%), estragol (2.5%, 3.5%), and limonene + 1,8- cineole (19.3%, 3.9%), which percentage of these component in leaves and stems extremely were due to growing stage. This components in leaves before flowering and in flowering time were anethole (58.6%, 28.3%), fenchone (2.9%, 2.5%), estragol (1.7% , 1%) and limonene +1,8 cineole (27.1%, 58.5%) and in stems before flowering, flowering time and after the formation of seed were respectively anethole (78%,44.2%,0.3%), fenchon (2.5%, 1.8%,0.3%), estragol (1.7%, 2.1%, 0.6%) and limonene +1,8 cineole (4.6%, 23.6%, 56.5%).With increasing of leaves and stems age, transanethole will decrease and limonene + I,8-cineole are increased.

The essential oils, water-steam distilled, from Foeniculum vulgare Mill., harvested at 3 ontogenic stages (inflorescence at flowering stage, unripe seed and ripe seed), were evaluated for their chemical composition by GC and GC-MS. Twenty-two compounds were identified and the main constituents were (E)- anethole, limonene, fenchone and methyl chavicol. Higher oil yields were found at the unripe seed stage (5% w/w), but higher (E)- anethole percentage was found in the oil of ripe seed and chemical composition was influenced by the harvesting time.

Ozone layer depletion has increased ultraviolet-B radiation influence. As this radiation has harmful effects on plants, this research studies the essential oils quality and quantity changes of Fennel all affected by high ultraviolet radiation emanated form a 40-watt lamp in the field conditions in three phases: before flowering, flowering and after the formation of seed.Fennel is one of the precious medicinal plants widely used in pharmacy, purfurm, cometic and hygienic industries as well as food industries. The seeds or fruits of this plant have so much essential oils that medicinal properties of the plant are attributed tothis essential oils.The water and steam distilled (Long & Kaiser) essential oils of seeds, flowers, leaves and stems of Fennel in different vegetative phases were analyzed by GC and GC/MS.The amount of essential oils in leaf, stem, flower and seeds has been decreased in the most of phases and essential oils' components changed under ultraviolet radiations. The amount of Trans-anthole, which is the most important compound of this essential oil, has been decreased in the seed and flower of under treatment plants but this compound has been increased in the stem in spite of less amount of essential oils in this organg, this compound has been decreased in leaf before flowering phase but increased in flowering period. The other main compounds, Estragol, Fenchon and Limonene have been increased, in most cases. This results indicates this plants is very sensitive to ultraviolet radiations.

The seeds of F. vulgare Mill. ssp. Capillaceum were collected from six different locations of Iran and their essential oils were obtained by distillation and steam distillation. The oils were produced at the yields of 1.38% (Hamedan) to 1.74% (Marivan) and analysed by Capillary Gas Chromatography. Because of similarity between all chromatograms, only one of them was injected to GC/MS. Eighteen compounds were identified among which (E)- anethole (62.1-77.5%), a-fenchone (8.8-14.4%) and methyl chavicol (3.5-5.5%) were the major constituents, respectively.

Anise is one of the most important medicinal plants which is used in drug and food industries. In this study anise was cultivated for the first time in Tabriz and the effects of five irrigation treatments: I1 = irrigation was omitted during stem elongation, I2 = irrigation was omitted during the stem elongation and grain filling stages, I3= irrigation was omitted during umbel appearance, I4= irrigation was omitted during grain filling period, and I5=irrigation in all growing stages (control), were studied on three sowing dates (April 4, 16 and 29) in a factorial experiment. The experimental design was RCBD with three replications. The results showed that essential oil percentage of seeds was affected significantly by sowing dates and irrigation treatments. So the seeds was obtained from third sowing date had lower essential oil than from the other two dates. However, irrigation disruption in different growth stages increased the essential oil percent. The analysis of the HPLC chromatograms of essential oils showed that anethole content which was 85.81 percent in first sowing date, was reduced significantly to 64.27 percent in the third sowing date. In different irrigation regimes the I1 and I2 levels had the highest anethole content, while I4 and I5 levels contains the lowest anethole percent. Mean essential oil production ranged from 10.12 to 23.74 lit. ha-1for D3 I2 and D1 I5 treatments, respectively. The essential oil and anethole contents in seeds harvested at the waxy stage (physiological maturity), were higher as compared to earlier (in the milky stage) or later (in the ripening stage) harvestings.      

To investigate different method of soil fertilization and their effects on physiological growth indices a filed experiment was carried out on Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.) Clmedicinal plant, in Alborz Research complex, (NPK), used in commercial agriculture systems, a mixture of different ratios of fertilizers and manure, used in intermediate systems as well as different levels of manure used in sustainable systems, with were in comparison to the control (no fertilizers and manure applied) that selection in three systems. The experiment was conducted using a randomized complete blocks design with three replication. The physiological growth indices, such as dry matter, Leaf area index, and relative growth rate were determined. Dry matter and leaf area index in the intermediate system "20 tonha -1 of manure mixed with N=80, P=64 and K=80 kgha-1 of chemical fertilizers" pointed a noticeable increase during plant growth, compared to the methods. Seed yield increased %93.2, %14.1 and %8.6 related to control, chemical and organic systems respectively. In seed, the essential oil was %3.18 that increased %22.8 related to control and chemical system respectively and %10.8 related to organic systems. In the essential oil, anethole increased. Application of intermediate system improved soil physical, chemical and biologica properties and raised absorption of nutrient, plant canopy and light interception in agroecosystes.

Volatile oil and fatty acid compositions of Nigella sativa L. (Ranunculaceae) seeds grown in Iran determined by GC and GC/MS. Eight fatty acide (99.5%) and thirty - two compounds (86.7%) have been identified in the fixed and volatile oils, repectively. The main fatty acids of the fixed oil were linoleic acid (55.6%), oleic acid (23.4%), and palmitic acid (12.5%). The major compounds of the volatile oil were trans-anethole (38.3%), p-cymene (14.8%), limonene (4.3%), and carvone (4.0%).