During 1994-1997 a devastating and widespread dieback and decline on stone fruit trees especially on apricot, cherry and almond was observed in various regions of Semnan, Kerman and West Azarbaidjan provinces. Orchards in various parts of the provinces were surveyed and samples of affected roots, crowns, twigs and blossoms were collected and brought to the laboratory. Samples were taken weekly and surface sterilized and cultured on PDA, MA media and on PARPH without disinfection. On the basis of morphological and limited physiological characteristics, eight fungal species, namely Monilinia laxa,Verticillium dahliae, Phytophthora cactorum, Armillaria sp. Cytospora leucostoma, Cytospora sp. Pleospora sp., and Scytalidium dimidatum were identified. Pathogenicity tests of the all isolates were studied using two methods. For detached branches of apricot (cv Gaisi) and cherry (cv Black Mashad) and also inoculation 2-3 year- old seedlings were used in the greenhouse. Selected isolates of M.laxa were sparyed on 3-4 year old apricot seedlings with suspension of 5000 spores per mililiter in stage of early blossom and greenhouse condition. The result showed that only V. dahliae, P. cactorum and m. laxa were pathogenic on apricot and cherry.      

Oshnaviych plutonic complex (OPC), the western member of Urumiyeh-Golpayehgan intrusivc plutons is located in northern part of Sanandaj-Sirjan Zone. OPC, exposing in an area of about 700 km2, comprises 10 plutons that can be divided into three suites, i.e. diorite, granite and alkali syenite -alkali granite, Dioritic bodies are thc oldest intrusive rocks of the region, which on the basis of the field study, their relative age of emplacement is estimated to be Post- Jurassic and Pre-Miocene. However, with respect to the age of other similar intrusive bodies in Naghadeh area, they are most likely of Post Early Cretaccous - Pre Miocene age, Hybrid intrusive rocks, occurring at the contact of dioritic and granitie rocks may suggest a simultaneous emplacement of both magmas. Syenitic pluton from alkali granite-alkali granite suite has intruded dioritic and granitie rocks, in contrast, flourine bearing alkali granite pluton from this suite shows no contact with other igneous rocks in the area. K-Ar age determinations obtained on amphibole specimens from diorite suite are 91.9±2.3, 94.1±2.3 and 100±2.4 Ma, and on biotite specimens from granite suite are 100±1.5 to 98.9±1.5 Ma. Chronology study using same method on arfvedsonite specimens from syenite pluton shows 78.9±3.1, 79.6±1.9 and 81.7±2.0 Ma and on K-fledspar samples of fluorine bearing alkali granite pluton from the alkali syenite-alkali granite suite presents 76±3.4 and 77.1±1.8. Therefore, based on field evidence and K/Ar age dating, OPC presumably formed during two episodes: granite and diorite suites formed simultaneously at about 100 Ma, then plutons of alkali syenite-alkali granite suite emplaced at about 80 Ma. 

Background: The present study was carried out for determination of prevalence of cryptosporidiosis among infected children in Khooram-Abad city, Iran, 2002-2003. Materials and Methods: In this survey fecal samples of both rural and urban children were studied.Results & Conclusion: From all samples, 4.75% were infected. The infection rate was higher in summer and autumn. Also the results showed that the infection rate in Khooram-Abad was higher than Shiraz (3.5%), Bandarabbas (2.4%), Ahwaz (2.23%) and Rasht (1.57%) and the infection rate about equlity Ghazvin (4.75%) and Hamadan (5.3%) and lower than Isfahan (16.9%), Mashhad (14.6%), Urmia (105), Naghadeh (9.2%) and Tabriz (6.15%). Our observations indicated that the infection rate was higher in males (1.5%), equal between rural and urban children. Another finding was accompanying of cryptosporidiosis with some other infections like Shigellosis (15.7%) and giardiosis (5.26%) in some cases.

Crown and root rot of wheat is a major disease in West Azarbaidjan province. It caused heavy losses in commercial fields in 1997- 1998. In order to determine the causal agent of crown and root rot in irrigated and rainfed wheat fields, several samples were taken from various fields in West Azarbaidjan. The symptoms of disease observed on fully developed plants, were leaf blotch, common root rot, black joint, and head& seedling blight. Isolation of fungi was undertaken by plating pieces of discolored root and crown tissues on P.D.A and C.M.A petri plates. The isolated fungi were identified as Bipolaris sorokiniana, B. spicifera, Fusrium acuminatum, F culmorum and F avenaceum. Pathogeni city of each isolate was determined out using seed inoculationas well as mixing of the inoculum (wheat seeds colonized by the isolate) with pasteurized soil techniques. The results showed that Bipolaris spp. were pathogenic on their cultivar seedlings but Fusarilfm spp., which are probably aggravated by moisture stress at seedling stage of wheat due to poor irrigation management, showed symptoms of the disease only after moisture stress. The results also indicated that among all pathogens, B. sorokiniana had larger frequency and it was considered to be main pathogen of crown and root rot of wheat in irrigated fields of West Azarbaidjan province.

The salinity and drought are two increasing stress in region soils. So that the selection of resistant cultivars is necessary and the most important. In order to study salinity and drought resistant of barley four cultivars named Sahand, Makoii, Naghadeh and CB were selected. By using randomized complete block design seeds of all cultivars were planted. The salinity and drought levels were respectively 5, 10, 15 & 20 gr/lit NaCl, ,25 ,50,100,150 gr/lit glucose. The results showed that in critical salinity (20 gr/lit NaCl) and drought (150 gr/lit) conditions the percentage germination of sahand and CB were respectively 80,27 &87,31. Then Sahand was resistant and CB sensitive cultivar. Sahand and CB were planted under field capacity F.C..Condition in three levels of F.C., 1/2 F.C., 1/4 F.C... After ten days concentration of free proline and soluble sugars in leaves and roots of seedling were determined. By increasing of drought stress, accumulation of proline and soluble sugars content leaves and roots of both cultivars were significantly increased. We experimented Alpha-amylas activity in four days seedlings that germinated under drought and salinity condition. Alpha- amylas activity in the Shand was higher than that in the CB. In electrophoresing (SDS-PAGE) of seedling protein of treatment under drought and salinity condition, the most differences were in some bands with 62.7, 43.35 and 28.68 KD molecular weight.

In this article, the performance of sugar industries in different towns of both East and West Azerbaijan have been modeled in different periods by applying Logit & Probit Model, and through identifying effective factors on the establishment of sugar industries in the said areas. Results indicate that the variables of distance (as a transport cost index) and the lands, brought under cultivation of sugar beet are the most effective parameters on establishing the said industries and some cities, including Naghadeh, Miandouab, Orumieh, Khoy and Mahabad are in priorities for establishing sugar manufacturing plants.

Social vitality is one of the necessary phenomenons in any society. To strengthen the elements of social development such as community of hope and social confidence, social vitality is very important. The purpose of this article is to find the amount of social vitality among Iranian tribes (Azeris, Kurds and Lurs).  The research was done in Tabriz, Nagadeh and shahre Kord. In examining the theoretical framework the researchers developed the assumptions on the basis of Blomer, Bourdieu and Durkheim. Using the Cochran formula, 450 were selected and the multistage cluster sampling and random sampling of were used to do this. The findings of the study show that social vitality varies among ethnic groups with the mean score of 90.21 and the Azeri has the greatest mean. The relationship between Social relation, local and national identity with social vitality were based and regression analysis showed that the local identity had the highest correlation with social vitality. Then, the national identity and the media had the highest correlation with the dependent variable. More importantly, however, value of 63.0 on the right side of the dependent variable represents the coefficient of determination that is known as psi and if this number is minused from 1, we determine the model coefficient (37.0). It means that 37% of the dependent variable explained by this model.