Associated gases are by-products of the oil extraction process that can either be commercialized or flared, the latter turning them into environmental pollutants. Opting for the former over the latter depends on several factors, one of which is an appropriate legal framework. A crucial aspect of creating this framework is the anticipation of legal methods for compensating damages incurred by affected communities and the environment. Given that Iran ranks among the top three countries in the world for flaring associated gases, establishing an efficient legal structure in this area seems imperative, with the anticipation of compensation methods being a significant component. This research, using a descriptive-analytical method, seeks to answer whether the liability system for compensating damages resulting from associated gas emissions is sufficient, and what other methods for compensating these damages might exist. The hypothesis of this article is that the civil liability system is insufficient for compensating environmental damages, including those caused by associated gases, and that reforms are needed in this area. Additionally, the potential of international liability can be utilized, or innovative methods such as creating a compensation fund for local communities using the revenue from fines imposed for associated gas emissions can be employed.

The goal followed in the present study was to analyze the GreenHouse Gas (GHG) emissions in pasta production. Data for the study was collected from durum wheat production farms from three provinces, Iran. Data of soil properties, transportation as well as and pasta factory production stages were collected and analyzed, using SimaPro Software, Ecoinvent data base and Global Warming Potential (GWP) for 100 year method. EPIC model was used to calculate GHG emissions of land use change. Results indicated the average greenhouse gas emission related to one kg of pasta production was 2.64 kg CO2-eq. Among the different sources of emissions, land use change and fuel consumption for agricultural operations constituted the main contributors to total GWP of pasta production.

Nitrogen oxides are one of the most important pollutants in the air, which releasing into the atmosphere causes to produce of dangerous secondary pollutants. Identifying the various methods of reducing this pollutant in the chimney is an important guide for choosing an effective method to achieve the desired level of this pollutant according to the type of industry for experts. In this paper, methods for reducing nitrogen oxides in flue gas flow are reviewed. These methods include chemical processes such as plasma and non-plasma oxidation by an oxidizing agent, catalytic and non-catalytic reduction, electron irradiation, biological process, and physical adsorption processes on the surface. These methods separate nitrogen oxide from a gaseous stream and convert it into inert materials. These methods are very effective for industries that use old technologies and are highly polluting. The main technologies introduced in this article are among the four main methods with developed technology or they are close to development and can be used in Iranian industries.

In this research, the energy flow and production energy indices of canola cultivation in Trakya province of Turkey, Golestan and Mazandaran provinces of Iran were compared. Diesel fuel and chemical fertilizer inputs were the highest consumer of energy in the production of canola in these three regions. The results indicated that despite the higher energy use of machinery in Trakya province of Turkey, the energy use of diesel fuel in this province is less than the energy consumed in the two northern provinces of Iran, which could be due to available old machines for the production of canola in Mazandaran and Golestan provinces. Total greenhouse gas emissions of canola production for these regions were computed 562.85, 652.86 and 887.30 kgCO2eq ha-1, respectively. The inputs of chemical fertilizer and diesel fuel in canola production produced the highest percentage of gas emissions in these three areas. Energy consumption for potential feedstock production for one kg production of biodiesel fuel in these provinces was calculated as 14.76, 20.66 and 37.77 MJ, respectively. The amounts of greenhouse gas emissions for potential feedstock production for one kg production of biodiesel were obtained 0.45, 0.76 and 1.17 kgCO2eq for Trakya, Golestan and Mazandaran provinces, respectively.