This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of using flash cards on students' internal and external mathematical motivation. It was conducted with a quasi-experimental method with a pre- and post-test design with an unequal control group. The statistical population was all female students of the 10th grade of humanities in Abadan city in the academic year of 1402-1401. The available sample included 50 students in two groups of 25. The tools for collecting mathematical motivation data was the Hampton questionnaire (2014), which included 10 items related to intrinsic motivation and 10 items related to extrinsic motivation. Before and after the test, the motivation questionnaire was distributed among the students and they answered the questions. The experimental group was trained for 12 sessions of 70 minutes using flash cards. The analysis was done by the normalized gain method. The positive effect of teaching using flash cards on the internal motivation of mathematics is significant at the error level of 1% and the effect size value in the structure of internal motivation was 0.37, which is a medium effect size. In the structure of external motivation, the probability value was greater than 0.05. Therefore, no significant difference was observed between the two groups in the training using flash cards.

This is a comparative study of the two victorious revolutions of the Constitutional Iran and the Independence of the USA that lead to the all compassing internal motives of the two oppressed nations to fight against the despotism and oppression and to collapse the ruling political, economic and social order. It is true that the symbols and causes for revolutions are plenty, but this would not prevent from giving a pattern, in which the study of this role in the revolutions would be simplified. As existing despotism and oppression, government's inability to severe and complete depression of revolutionaries, as well as expansion of ideas, such as liberty among them have a fundamental role in providing the necessary and enough objective and subjective grounds for the revolutions, the role played by the rival great powers who were determined to compensate their already losses are influential too. In both these cases, Britain helped the Iranian clergies, merchants and intellectuals to draw Iran peacefully out of its rival (Russian) sphere of influence and France helped the American patriots to change their demand of liberty to a more sustainable one of independence from Britain.

Researchers demonstrate that individuals in different levels of physical activity have different motivations for sport activity. This study was designed to examine how motivations can discriminate three physical activity levels (inactive, active, sustained maintainers) according to self-determination theory. 159 Zanjan University staff (mean age: 33 years old) completed exercise motivation inventory (EMI-2) and stage of change scale. Using confirmatory factor analysis, construct validity of EMI-2 was established. Six factors were confirmed in the EMI-2: Health and fitness, social–emotional benefits, weight management, stress management, enjoyment and appearance. Results showed that enjoyment, stress management and social–emotional benefits differentiated physical activity levels. Interaction of age and sex was not significant. It was concluded that intrinsic motivation (enjoyment) and extrinsic self-determined motivation (stress management, social–emotional benefits) played an effective role in changing behavior and increasing physical activity.

The present study aimed at predicting psychological resilience based on intrinsic-extrinsic motivation and the mediating role of self-efficacy in high school students.402 students (212 girls and 158 boys) were selected by cluster sampling method from 6 high schools of four educational districts of Karaj city and answered the Resilience Scale (Conner, Davidson, 2003), Work Preference Inventory (Amabile, Hill, Hennessey & Tighe, 1994) and Self-Efficacy Subscale of Motivated Strategies for Learning Questionnaire (Pintrich & DeGroot, 1990). Results derived from enter regression analysis revealed that intrinsic-extrinsic motivation can predict psychological resilience, with intrinsic motivation being more significantly predictive. Also, the mediating role of self-efficacy in relation to motivation and psychological resilience was concluded. Findings were discussed in terms of research literature and the necessity for further research.

The aim of this research was to study the predictive power of variables such as extrinsic motivation, intrinsic motivation and sex in prediction of creativity and its dimensions. Subjects of the study were selected from Shiraz University by stratified sampling and consisted of 280 students (139 girls and 141 boys). Creativity was measured by Abedi Creativity Questionnaire. Extrinsic motivation and intrinsic motivation were measured by Work Preference Inventory (WPI), college students' version. The data was analyzed by multiple regressions. The results of the study showed that intrinsic motivation significantly predicts creativity (ß=./445, P<./0001) and its dimensions but the relation between extrinsic motivation and creativity was significant only in fluency dimension (ß =./184, P<./004). In addition, the results revealed that there is no significant relationship between variables of sex and creativity.

Objective: The present study aimed to determine the effect of academic motivation training on extrinsic motivation, intrinsic motivation, and amotivation of ninth-grade male high school students.Methods: The research method is a semi-experimental study with a control group design, including one experimental group and one control group. The statistical population comprised all ninth-grade students in boys' high schools in Districts 1 and 2, in Academic Year of 2020-2021 in Zahedan. Forty students were assigned into two groups of 20 students in each group, one experimental group and one control group. In the pre-test and post-test, Vallerand et al.'s academic motivation scale (1989) was answered. Multivariate covariance analysis has been used to analyze the data.Results: The findings showed that academic motivation training has a significant effect on students' external motivation (p<0.015), internal motivation (p<0.001) and demotivation (p<0.001).Conclusions: According to the findings, the result indicates that educational motivation training prevents students from being unmotivated in educational assignments and makes them more academically motivated (intrinsic and extrinsic).

Today, virtual reality technologies offer unlimited potential for extensive virtual visits to real tourist destinations. The aim of the research is to measure the impact of the variables affecting the change of attitude in the decision to travel using virtual reality. This research is quantitative research, and in terms of purpose, it is applied, and in terms of data collection, it is a descriptive-survey of correlation type. The statistical population of this research is the users of the tourism channel. According to the Cochran relation, the sample size was 270 people, who answered the questions by distributing the questionnaire online in the statistical community. First, the collected data were analyzed and in the next step, the variables were ranked using the process of fuzzy hierarchy analysis. The research findings indicate that the criteria of flexibility, usefulness, perceived pleasure, a positive and significant relationship with changing attitudes has it. The results obtained in the fuzzy hierarchical method show that the variables of attitude change are first rank, usefulness is second rank, decided to travel is third rank, flexibility is fourth rank, perceived pleasure is fifth rank. It is concluded that tourism service providers should create new models in line with tourism marketing in order to raise the level of virtual experience of tourists. Introduction In the development of information and communication technology, the growth of virtual reality technology has attracted attention, especially considering the innovations that are expected from the fifth generation of mobile communications (5G). The fifth generation of mobile communications is an international mobile standard with the aim of commercialization in 2020(Lee et al., 2020). Tavakli and Mora say that despite the move towards virtual tourism, the experiences of tourists in virtual tourism destinations remain relatively unknown. This is especially true if the gender identity and behavior patterns of Iranian women in virtual tourism destinations are mentioned (Tavakoli, Mura, 2015). Zhang and colleagues say that although the studies related to virtual tourism have formed a relatively complete theoretical framework, it is not enough to respond to the systematic and comprehensive attitude of tourists and the causes of the attitude towards virtual tourism (Zhang et al., 2022). It has also been raised in the field of challenges; Although virtual reality provides information about the destination as smart tourism and is very useful, it is slow due to the problems of accepting new technology by tourists (Pestek et al., 2020). Tan and his colleagues have conducted research under the title; Borders are open again! Has virtual reality been friend or foe? Therefore, in this regard and according to the above, the basic research question is what effect does virtual reality have on the attitude and ultimately the intention to travel in terms of external and internal motivations? Previous researches have focused on the role of virtual reality displays in creating a sense of presence and how virtual reality affects destination marketing. To answer this question, a new model in technology development was created in this study. The gap that exists is that in few researches, in terms of investigating the motivation in using virtual reality in tourism, a distinction has been made between internal and external motivations, although Leung et al. The Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) is a parsimony and should be expanded to include factors that are particularly relevant to it (Leong et al., 2020). Therefore, based on the theory of extrinsic and intrinsic motivation, in the technology acceptance model, the current research measures the effect of flexibility, usefulness and perceived enjoyment of virtual reality on the change of attitude in the decision to travel. In the current research, an attempt has been made to change the attitude towards virtual reality in tourism. In addition to external motives such as usefulness, criteria such as curiosity, relaxation, and personal belief, which are internal motives, have been investigate. Material and Method: This research is quantitative research, and in terms of its purpose, it is applied, and in terms of the method of data collection, it is a descriptive-survey of the correlation type. The method of collecting information is divided into two categories: field (questionnaire tool) and library sources. Library sources have been used to collect theoretical foundations and research literature, and field methods have been used to collect research data. The confirmatory factor analysis test was used to verify the validity of the questions and to specify the key factors of each component, and the structural equation modeling technique was used to check the fit of the research model with the collected data. In the next step, we rank the variables using Fuzzy Hierarchy Analysis Process (FAHP), and make decisions by converting expression variables into triangular fuzzy numbers. Discussion and results Three variables of flexibility, usefulness, and pleasure were considered in attitude change, and in attitude change, in addition to measures of external motives, measures of internal motives such as curiosity, relaxation, and personal belief are effective in the decision to travel. Conclusions The findings show that the more the level of usefulness, perceived pleasure and flexibility increases in the virtual space, the more the person's attitude changes accordingly. In the next step, we ranked the confirmed variables using the fuzzy AHP method. Basically, although fuzzy systems describe uncertain and uncertain phenomena, the fuzzy theory itself is a precise theory. The results obtained based on the weighting coefficient show that the attitude change variable ranks first, usefulness ranks second, decision to travel ranks third, flexibility ranks fourth, and perceived pleasure ranks fifth. The findings of the research showed that the flexibility, usefulness, perceived enjoyment of virtual reality by virtual tourism users had an effect on the change of attitude, and this factor leads to their intention to travel. The result of this will increase the number of tourists in the real environment. Therefore, it is suggested that virtual reality service providers design programs and applications based on this technology to enrich the content of advertising video by adding more dynamic interactive virtual reality elements, creating immersive virtual reality products in order to improve the experience. Increasing the enjoyable experience of virtual tourists affects their behavioral intentions and as a result requests for more information about destinations, the likelihood of visiting the virtual site and then the real trip. The findings showed that in addition to external motives such as usefulness, measures such as curiosity, soothing, and personal belief, which are internal motives, have an effect on the intention to travel