Typology of dispersal in peri-urban areas of KarajAbstractThe latest scientific findings in the field of urban sprawl have often focused on typology; Therefore, in the present article, with the aim of identifying different types of scattered urban species in the metropolis of Karaj, an attempt has been made to examine the views on typology, identification criteria of each species and how to classify different species in the metropolis of Karaj. The research area was 10 areas of Karaj metropolis. Data were collected using library and field methods. The data type included demographic data of the Statistics Center and location-based data of the National Mapping Organization and Karaj Municipality. The data analysis method was performed quantitatively using Moran coefficient, kernel density, space arrangement analysis, shape index and Boolean logic. The results indicate that the city of Karaj is experiencing unorganized and ugly growth and is facing different types of urban dispersion. The type of low density and continuous scattering of urban sprawl covers the largest volume of the city area and is mainly located in the urban edges of Karaj. However, there are other types, such as linear or band scattering, jumping scattering, or nodal scattering; But dominance is a continuous, low-density scattering or edge scatter; Therefore, it can be said that dispersal in the city of Karaj has not developed with a single form and pattern; It has been associated with various forms and species.Keywords: Urban Sprawl, Sprawl Typology, Linear Sprawl, Low Density Growth, Discontinuous Physical Growth, Karaj Metropolis  Typology of dispersal in peri-urban areas of KarajAbstractThe latest scientific findings in the field of urban sprawl have often focused on typology; Therefore, in the present article, with the aim of identifying different types of scattered urban species in the metropolis of Karaj, an attempt has been made to examine the views on typology, identification criteria of each species and how to classify different species in the metropolis of Karaj. The research area was 10 areas of Karaj metropolis. Data were collected using library and field methods. The data type included demographic data of the Statistics Center and location-based data of the National Mapping Organization and Karaj Municipality. The data analysis method was performed quantitatively using Moran coefficient, kernel density, space arrangement analysis, shape index and Boolean logic. The results indicate that the city of Karaj is experiencing unorganized and ugly growth and is facing different types of urban dispersion. The type of low density and continuous scattering of urban sprawl covers the largest volume of the city area and is mainly located in the urban edges of Karaj. However, there are other types, such as linear or band scattering, jumping scattering, or nodal scattering; But dominance is a continuous, low-density scattering or edge scatter; Therefore, it can be said that dispersal in the city of Karaj has not developed with a single form and pattern; It has been associated with various forms and species.Keywords: Urban Sprawl, Sprawl Typology, Linear Sprawl, Low Density Growth, Discontinuous Physical Growth, Karaj Metropolis Typology of dispersal in peri-urban areas of KarajAbstractThe latest scientific findings in the field of urban sprawl have often focused on typology; Therefore, in the present article, with the aim of identifying different types of scattered urban species in the metropolis of Karaj, an attempt has been made to examine the views on typology, identification criteria of each species and how to classify different species in the metropolis of Karaj. The research area was 10 areas of Karaj metropolis. Data were collected using library and field methods. The data type included demographic data of the Statistics Center and location-based data of the National Mapping Organization and Karaj Municipality. The data analysis method was performed quantitatively using Moran coefficient, kernel density, space arrangement analysis, shape index and Boolean logic. The results indicate that the city of Karaj is experiencing unorganized and ugly growth and is facing different types of urban dispersion. The type of low density and continuous scattering of urban sprawl covers the largest volume of the city area and is mainly located in the urban edges of Karaj. However, there are other types, such as linear or band scattering, jumping scattering, or nodal scattering; But dominance is a continuous, low-density scattering or edge scatter; Therefore, it can be said that dispersal in the city of Karaj has not developed with a single form and pattern; It has been associated with various forms and species.Keywords: Urban Sprawl, Sprawl Typology, Linear Sprawl, Low Density Growth, Discontinuous Physical Growth, Karaj Metropolis

Since ancient times, "Tree" has been the focus of attention as a symbol, in works of art. In Mesopotamia and later in Iran, this symbol was known as a holy tree or tree of life as early as 3500 BC, and was delineated in different shapes.After the advent of Islam, this symbol prevailed in works of art; however, no longer as a mythological holy tree but rather standing for heavenly blessings and the paradise. This symbol has been used in different branches of art, including rug-making. In the art of carpet patterning, the tree has prefigured a great variety of designs, notably the plant Mihrabi (prayer niche).No doubt, the predominance of the tree image in a large group of prayer rugs, is not accidental and must have an objective more than conveying mere beauty. One interpretation suggests an epitome of paradise. Given the Islamic restrictions imposed on the portrayal of human beings, a tree depicted in a prayer niche may well stand for a man in prayer.

The purpose of this study was to examine the impact of hardiness training on adjustment in general and also on affective, social and educational adjustment of adolesents. Subjects were consisted of 30 female adolescents thate were randomly selected. In this respect four hypothesis were formulated. In order to test the hypothesis, the personal views survey and the adjustment scale were administered to all subjects. Results indicated that The hardiness training has significantly increased the adjustment in general and also, affective and social adjustment of the subjects (P<0.05), but did not significantly affect the educational adjustment. Through strengthening components of commitment, control and Challenge with increase in optimism, self-esteem and resilience, hardiness training results in better processing of information and usage of effective methods for solving problems and with upbringing stamina of confrontation and constructive coping, helps to increase adjustment.

The goal of research is to study the relationship between hardiness and anxiety.272 subjects (92 males, 172 females) of this research were randomly selected from students Tonekabon. They were evaluated on the basis of tow different questions: hardiness and anxiety (cattle) questionnaires. Research dates were analyzed with help of regression analysis test on SPSS software. The results indicated that there is a significant relation ship between both hardiness and anxiety, and hardiness, anxiety and sex. In fact, there was a negative or reversed relationship between hardiness and anxiety. Moreover, men and women who have a low hardness are more prone to be anxiety than those who have a high hardiness in the scales.

1. Introduction The way of our development affects people's daily lives; how much families pay for housing and transportation, how long workers spend commuting home, the economic opportunities in communities and even personal health are all connected to how neighborhoods and surrounding areas are built (Ewing & Hamidi, 2014). The biggest problem in understanding the question of where the city ends and countryside begins is the result of current ways of living where physical boundaries are becoming increasingly less clear. Nowadays we observe new categories like urbanized countryside (rural-type cities) on the periphery of the city...

This study aimed at investigating the relationship between hardiness and marital adjustment of high school teachers in Shiraz in the school year 89-90. A sample of 324 (178 male and 146 female) high school teachers, selected through cluster random sampling method, was administered two questionnaires of dynamic adjustment (Spannier, 1976) and hardiness (personal views). A use was made of descriptive statistics, independent t-test, and regression and Pearson correlation analyses to analyze data. The results revealed that there was a significant relationship between hardiness and marital adjustment. There was, more specifically, a significant relationship between control, commitment, and challenge and marital adjustment. Besides, it was indicated that there was a significant difference between men’s and women’s marital adjustment and also between their hardiness. Hardiness could predict marital adjustment as revealed by regression analysis.

The objectives were to study the level of hardiness in residents of medical specialties and assess the relationship of this variable and its components with gender, age, marital status, having children and specialty fields.In this cross-sectional study, 194 second year medical residents from Tehran University of Medical science completed our survey. Second year residents were chosen as the reference population because in some specialties, residents must pass MPH course or general internal medicine during the first year so they are not exposed to their specialties and the related clinical environment. On the other hand, third and fourth year residents considered senior and usually are confront with lower work load and stress.The mean hardiness score was 63.91±11.09 (with potential max score of 100 and the min of 0). The residents of neurosurgery, psychiatry and emergency medicine had the highest scores in hardiness. There was a significant relationship between gender and control as a component of hardiness: male residents have higher score in control than female (P=0.009). The relationship between hardiness, commitment and control with marital status was also significant (P=0.04, P=0.002, P=0.005): the married physicians had higher scores in these three components. There was a significant relationship between commitment and having children (P=0.014).Considering the important role of hardiness as a stress modifier, it’s necessary to provide education for increasing hardiness among residents especially for high risk groups. These programs can help them choose appropriate coping and adaptive strategies, and decrease burn out, job dissatisfaction and patient mismanagement.