The in vitro activity of rac-mefloquine hydrochloride and its pure enantiomers was tested against a chloroquine-resistant (PF.IBS2) strain of Plasmodium falciparum. The parasite isolated from Iranian patients was cultured in vitro by the candle jar method described by Tranger and Jensen and was exposed to the racemic mefloquine or its enantiomers over the concentration range of 10-9 to 10-4M. Neither rac-mefloquine nor the enantiomers showed antiparasitic activity at 10-9 M. The (+)-mefloquine was more potent than the (-)-mefloquine and the racemate by IC50 equal to 1.17 µM in comparison to 4.09 µM.

Background & Aim: Today, the use of medicinal plants has been growing because of less side effects than chemical drugs in the treatment of diseases particularly infectious diseases. According to the available scientific evidence, garlic is an effective anti-parasitic drug. In the present research will be study the inhibitory effect of garlic tablet on Limnatis nilotica.Material & Methods: To study the garlic tablet effect on paralysis and mortality of leech Leeches were placed in plastic vessels containing 600 ml of water and adding ground garlic tablet 400, 800, 1200 mg.From 1 to 4 hours after the exposure paralysis and death rate of the leeches were recorded accurately.Results & Discussion: The results indicated no effect of garlic tablet on motor response and mortality rate of the leeches. This problem probably caused by removal of thiosulfinate group of garlic tablet.Conclusion: This Study confirming the role of thiosulfinate compound to cause anti-parasitic property of garlic. Possibly, extract of garlic can be effective for leech infestation due to thiosulfinate compound.

Nigella sativa seeds have wide therapeutic effects and have been reported to have significant effects against many ailments such as skin diseases, jaundice, gastrointestinal problems, anorexia, conjunctivitis, dyspepsia, rheumatism, diabetes, hypertension, intrinsic hemorrhage, paralysis, amenorrhea, anorexia, asthma, cough, bronchitis, headache, fever, influenza and eczema. Thymoquinone (TQ) is one of the most active constituent and has different beneficial properties. Focus on antimicrobial effects, different extracts of N. sativa as well as TQ, have a broad antimicrobial spectrum including Gram-negative, Gram-positive bacteria, viruses, parasites, schistosoma and fungi. The effectiveness of N. sativa seeds and TQ is variable and depends on species of target microorganisms. The present review paper tries to describe all antimicrobial activities that have been carried out by various researchers.

Background: Foeniculum vulgare( Fennel) is a herbal preparation used in Traditional Medicine. In the ancient medicine in Iran, it was used as additive, carminative, antiseptic and antiparasite. The aim of this study was to investigate anti candida activity and immunomodulatory effects of water, ethanol and acetone extracts from Foeniculum vulgare on murine peritoneal macrophages in vitro.Materials and Methods: Anti-Candida albicans effect of the essential oils, Amphotericin B and ketoconazole were determined by Disc diffusion and broth Macrodilution methods. The viability of macrophages was evaluated using MTT assay. Also the production of nitrite was probed using Griess method. Moreover, the ROS (Reactive Oxygen Species) production and Fungicidal activity were investigated by NBT assay and Killing method, respectively.Results: The anti-candida activity of the essential oils was strong. MIC and MFC of essential oils were 300 μg/ml and 308mg/ml, respectively. Among the extracts tested, the acetone extract of F. vulgare (F.v-A) revealed a significant increase in NO production (p<0.02). Furthermore, F.v-A had a significant effect on the levels of ROS (p< 0.001) and a strong fungicidal activity in F.v-A treated macrophages.Conclusion: The results indicate that the essential oils of F. vulgare have strong activity against C. albicans. The F.v-A extract shows a reasonable immunomodulatory effect, while using NO assay, NBT assay and killing, on C.albican. More studies on animal models and humans are needed to clarify the exact immunomodulatory effect of F.v-A and to determine its effective components on candidiasis.

Background and aims: Leeches biting is of newfangled zoonosis parasitic disease that the most dangerous complication with their biting is incidence of anemia. There have not been found a drug for treatment the leech's complications in the pharmacopeia of different nations. Onion and Garlic are of the most widely used plants in the traditional medicine for treatment of antiparasite plants. This study was carried out to evaluate the effects of methanol extracts of Allium sativumL. and Allium cepa L. on Limnatis nilotica.Methods: In this experimental study the anti Limnatis nilotica effects of garlic methanol extract (Allium sativum L.) and onion methanol extract (Allium cepa L.) on leech, were investigated by anti leech assay. The anti leech assay was carried out in a container contain of 600 ml spring water and a leech in that. The time of paralysis and death was recorded for 720 minutes. Each experiment was repeated for 9 times. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA.Results: The results showed that the garlic methanol extract with dose of 300 mg with the mean death time of 80.44±8.61 minutes and levamisole with the average death time of 8.77±2.72 minutes caused the leeches to death (P<0.05). Treatments of onion methanol extract with dose of 300, 600 and 1200 mg and distilled water hadn't any effect on leeches (P<0.05).Conclusion: Considering the normality of garlic extract and the short time that it causee the leeches to death, it might be used as an edible plant with the anti leech effect.

Malachite Green is extensively used as an antiparasite and antifungal agent in aquaculture. Treatment with malachite green leads to the remaining of the metabolite of this compound (luecomalachite green) in aquatic animal tissues and the production of carcinogenic compounds. The aim of this study was to investigate the presence of luecomalachite green in the flesh of Rainbow trout in Mazandaran province. Fish specimens with approximate weight of 0. 5 and 1 kg were collected from 20 farms in Mazandaran province (Haraz and Tonekabon) during 2018. Luecomalachite green was measured in samples using ELISA 96-well kit produced by Europroxima Co. (Netherlands). The highest and lowest levels of luecomalachite green (0. 0001 mg/kg) were obtained from samples of 0. 5 kg and 0. 22 mg/kg in 1 kg samlpes, respectively. In some samples of 0. 5 and 1 kg collected from Tonekabon, luecomalachite green content was less than the detection limit of the kit, and the highest amount of luecomalachite green was equal to 0. 0047 mg/kg in 1 kg samples. Comparison of the results of all samples showed that the lowest contamination of luecomalachite green was observed in samples of 0. 5 and 1 kg of Tonekabon region and the highest level of luecomalachite green were observed in samples of 1kg of Haraz area. The results of luecomalachite green contamination in this study were lower and also in the allowed standard range compared to previous studies, this indicates the improvement of sanitary condition of aquaculture stations, effective monitoring and control strategies, use of substitutes and safe alternatives to reduce fungal contamination and hence less malachite green consumption.