The main target of the present study is analyzing Bazaar as a field. Analysis of Tehran traditional bazaar was performed based on compound methodological approach and Bourdieu’s field theory, and through applying techniques such as observation, participant observation, interviews and so on. Moreover, credible sources and documents were studied. Based on the findings, it can be said that contrary to the conventional economic (neo-classical) approaches, Bazaar does not act based on spontaneous order; and the Bazaaris’ interactions do not occur in an ordered and coordinated manner. Rather, Bazaar acts like a field in which Bazaaris compete against each other relying on their different sources and capitals, and in accordance with their particular habitual traits. Furthermore, the findings show that during the previous half century, Tehran’s traditional bazaar has experienced structural changes in three stages. Bazaar’s internal forces have been displaced in each stage and the rules have changed accordingly.

Along the human history, business centers have been under many disparities. By the passage of time vast areas of cities land had been devoted to the business use and its physical appearance had appeared as shop, bazaar, passage, department store, etc. A new retail economic geography, with regard to the reuse of spaces in form of megamalls and the transmission of retail capital, both in the inner cities and in the international setting, giving a special attention to the phenomenon of the reconstruction and change in the retail system has been observed. The theoretical approach to shopping and consumption as a form of leisure, hadled to innovation in the business, service, and recreation spaces, one of which is megamall. Various studies have shown that megamalls have been the main business perspectives of many countries in the world and have vital roles in the retail and tourism industry. This paper is a review-descriptive study and it aims to study and identify the megamalls based on the leisure view of the shopping and consumption. It was concluded that an appropriate integration of physical and functional potentials of Tabriz Traditional Bazaar, as a world heritage, in megamalls can disseminate Tabriz bazaar potentials. It is suggested that creating megamalls based on these potentials as commercial- recreational, leisure and service centers and poles and a ring communication network in the Tabriz city domaincan reduce the economic and traffic load of bazaar and other problems of the city, specially the city center, and it would maintain the bazaar.

Iran's historical Bazaars are a comprehensive example of Iranian indigenous culture and the social capital of these Bazaars can be explored in cultural and religious, social, economic, historical, semantic, and spatial dimensions. Historical Bazaars have high environmental patterns and qualities with valuable spaces, traditions, events and structures that have been rich and dynamic social capital over time. This is undermined by the construction of contemporary passages and shopping malls with non-indigenous styles. This paper aims to explain the dimensions and qualities of social capital in historical Bazaars and a case study of Tabriz's historical Bazaar, using analytical-documentary research method and field survey. Historic Bazaars, with valuable patterns in the structure and components of indigenous traditions in spaces such as the Order, Timche, Serra, corridors, and mosques, carry a huge collection of consensus capital over time. Field survey research shows that items such as social interaction, participation in ceremonies and helping the needy, belonging and safety, attending mosques, and observing the rights of others have a mean score of 3. 76 and 3. 85 respectively. Social Capital in the Historical Bazaar of Tabriz Based on the Economic Basis, the Spatial and Physical System of Iranian-Islamic Culture Cultural and religious based on celebrations, mourning, religious beliefs, helping the needy, strong neighborly relations).

In recent decades and with deep structural and social transformations of cities, Bazaar as the socio-economic source of Iranian traditional city has undergone considerable changes. In most cases, bazaar has changed from a moving center with a strong centrality into a relatively marginal element in particular in connection withy the urban performance. In other words, a main part of it has been facing with the fall of socio-economic and structural fall of values. This has made a noticeable part of bazaar in particular the sideline elements and those separated from the main route to encounter with recession and annihilation. Relying on library studies, field studies and comparative study of maps, the present article is an attempt to study the changes in the structure of bazaar of Kermanshah city and the factors affecting these changes. The historical city of Kermanshah has always had an important commercial status with regard to its position and has had a thriving state bazaar. According to the existing documents, Kermanshah bazaar was at the climax of glory at the end of Qajar period. After that period, taking into consideration the speedy urban growth and the increasing trend of renovation, bazaar like other urban elements and components experienced deep changes and faded to a great extent from the viewpoint of function and structure. In general, the main reason for these changes can be sought in change in methods of production and consumption, contemporary renovation and modernism, arrival of cars and new street branching, new urban planning and change in the role and performance of Kermanshah city.

Bazaars are among the few historical buildings that still continue to operate. The Bazaar in a city has been important not only from economic aspects but also from cultural and social aspects. Today, the empty space of such urban spaces, which can become a lasting space by creating a sense of belonging and peace, while meeting the needs of today's people, is felt very much. Sound is one of the main factors in creating memories in the human mind. In order to investigate the role of sound in the traditional architecture of Iran, a research was conducted in the Vakil Bazzar of Shiraz. The final goal of this research is to investigate the quantitative and qualitative conditions of the sound using sound meter software in the Vakil Bazzar of Shiraz. The permissible level of noise pollution in urban spaces is 60 decibels based on the resolution of the Supreme Council of Environmental Protection of Iran for commercial areas. The results of this research indicate that in the quietest conditions, the noise pollution for at least 33% of the Bazzar space is higher than the maximum allowed amount of noise pollution. How to improve the sound conditions in Vakil Bazzar, such as reducing noise by creating a masking sound source, creating a pond and a fountain, is one of the most important results of this research.

Iranian traditional bazaar has been among influential groups in the victory of Islamic revolution. Subsequent to the revolution, the relation between government and bazaar changed. Two theories may be laid out to explain this change: first independence of bazaaris from government second government's domination over bazaar and guilds. Given evidence through historical research method, it seems that both theories refer to bazaar realities after revolution.Results of this study indicates that during first decade following the revolution, the relationship between government and bazaar changed; a part of bazaar joined the government and a governmental part of bazaar was formed and important governmental positions were assigned to them. Nonpolitical part of bazaar went into a retreat and lost its power in civil society.

Our knowledge about the history of the historic bazaar in Kermanshah is very limited. It has been said that the bazaar once extended from east gate to west gate in the city. Nevertheless, what is left of the bazaar is its middle part in the city center. This research attempts to identify the formation of the bazaar and determine dates of construction for its key monuments through a review of documents related to key patrons of the city. The results indicate that the construction of the bazaar started from the east gate at the beginning of Qajar rule circa 1780 AD. Under the rule of Nasser-ed-Din Shah during the next fifty years, the bazaar extended westwards. The last phase in formation of the bazaar corresponds to the last years of the Qajar Dynasty, which ends in 1920s. In the subsequent Pahlavi Period, new streets were built through the fabric cutting the bazaar in sections. Many of the monuments were then demolished and/or replaced with modern buildings, plazas, etc.

Trade as the most important form of social exchange is one of the main activities of human beings. An activity that has led to construction of special spaces and places called "Bazaar" in various forms, and also Islamic cities are recognized by the bazaar from all cities of different historical periods. Therefore, the purpose of this article is to analyze the bazaar element in Yazd as an example of IranianIslamic cities. The method used in the above research is descriptive and survey. at first, the different utopias of Western thinkers and also ten Islamic cities, randomly inside and outside Iran(instead of eastern utopias) were selected based on age and reputation. They were examined and their indicators of bazaars were extracted. Finally, according to extracted indicators of bazaars in western and Islamic cities, the degree of conformity of Yazd Khan Bazaar with the bazaar of Western and Islamic thinkers was examined. The research shows that the bazaar element, in some cities such as Yazd, still plays a role as the main feature of the city and has the appropriate physical and social credibility. In addition, after examining the characteristics of different bazaars, it was found that Yazd Khan Bazaar is the most similar to the bazaars of Islamic cities in terms of physics and construction pattern.

Being evocative, is one of the numerous qualities in the realms of public spaces and consists of four stages; formation, retention, evocation, and transition. The role of public spaces and territories is more important in the first two stages. Bazaars are places in which people experience social interactions, feel the space, and perceive the environment. The formation and retention of collective memories are the consequences of such activities and behaviors. It seems that in recent years “Bazaar Mohammad Ali Khan”, known as “Bazaar Khan” in the city of Yazd, that is considered one of the scenic and historic spots of the city, has loosely contributed in this regard. To resist the momentum of the contemporary culture and finding a new path to depict its temperament, reconstruction of reminiscences is a necessity in a new context. Therefore, this research is carried out to establish an appropriate context based on the very first two stages, i.e. formation and retention capability of collective memories, for the aforementioned bazaar. The research questions are: What are the stages of memory formation and retention in public opinions in the bazaar space as a place for the creation of collective memories? In the previously mentioned stages, what are the effective factors in the formation and retention of memories in bazaars, and how the context of memory formation and incription can be provided in “Bazaar Khan”? We utilize a descriptive-analytical survey, and document and field studies are used for the data collection. The research identifies that: Collective memory contains social, spatial, temporal, and emotional aspects. For these aspects, proper components, and for each component, proper indicators are identified. Also, different stages for the procedure of collective memory formation and incription are identified. Moreover it is found that these stages overlap and the beginning of one stage is not necessarily the end point of its former one. Additionally, it is determined that “Bazaar Khan” still has these two capabilities; therefore, some strategies to redesign its components are proposed in order to strengthen and preserve these capabilities.

Understanding an architectural space, by being attendance in that space and experiencing it closely, becomes a part of that space, watching it and moving in it. The attendance of man as the main resident or consumer of architectural space is also a two-way relationship between the human world and his space. The attendance of people gives character to public spaces and strengthens the character of such spaces from within. Thinkers also know quality by attendance in all directions, so that man rarely steps in it until he finds a desirable and satisfying space for presence. In a high quality environment, not only is attendance not mandatory, but also the tendency to spend more time on activities increases due to better conditions. In addition, a wide range of optional attendance and activities are performed by inviting people to stop, move, sit, eat, play, and so on. The attendance of people in a public space affects many issues, including economic, cultural, social, etc. related to that space and is the main factor in determining the success rate of that space. On the other hand, each urban space is related to its surroundings through its edges, in this regard, the spatial continuity at the edges is the main factor in determining the type and shape of the relationship with the surrounding space. Therefore, spatial continuity at the entrances of an urban complex as a part of the edge, can have a significant impact on increasing the presence in that complex. spatial continuity at the borders can affect the quality of the interior space and the desire of people to use it. This issue is especially important in relation to urban public spaces, where the main condition for their success is to increase the attendance of people within them. In this regard, bazaars as part of the structure of urban space, which play an important role in the economic, social and cultural prosperity of cities, are highly dependent on this issue. With this explanation in this research, the issue of how the effect of spatial coherence in the entrances of a public urban complex on the willingness of individuals to attend that complex is examined. In this regard, the traditional bazaar complex of Shiraz has been considered as a case study. The research method in this descriptive-analytical study is based on a combination of quantitative and qualitative methods in data collection and analysis, which depending on the nature of the analysis indicators in different sections, from observation, interview, questionnaire and software. Depthmap software was used to evaluate the various dimensions of the subject. Finally, the research results indicate that there is a direct relationship between spatial continuity in some bazaar inputs and the tendency to use those inputs for the attendance of users in the bazaar. Also, physical continuity, functional continuity and visual continuity are among the dimensions of spatial continuity at the entrances, which can play a role in the level of presence in an urban space (such as the market).