Fenvalerate is an insecticide toxin which has an application in agriculture. We investigated interaction of this toxin with human serum albumin (HSA) which is a carrier for small molecules such as drugs and toxins in the blood stream. In this study, four different methods including UV-VIS, FT-IR, fluorescence spectroscopy and molecular modeling were used to characterize the binding properties of the Fenvalerate to HSA at molecular level under physiological conditions. The experiment performed after incubating the protein and ligand for one day and 30 days. The binding constant which achieved with UV-VIS spectroscopy was 3.78 ´104 M-1, indicating a relatively good binding interaction between ligand and receptor. FT-IR results indicate a decrease in α-helixes and an increase in other structures such as beta-sheets and random coils upon ligand binding, particularly at high concentrations of the ligand. The Fluorescence intensity of HSA decreased regularly with the gradually increasing concentration of Fenvalerate in the mentioned incubation times. These results also were the evidence of ligand binding to the receptor; therefore they confirm the results of the UV-VIS. On the other hand, docking calculations illustrated a potential binding site in the region III-B of HSA. Overall, our results illustrated a binding site for Fenvalerate within HSA which probably suggest a chance for excretion of this toxin from human body with the help of this carrier protein. However, to confirm, the capability of HSA in Fenvalerate excretion from human body further experiments must be perfumed.

Introduction: Alfalfa (Medicagosativa L. ) is a high-quality forage crop widely grown throughout the world. This plant is attacked by a wide range of pests. Alfalfa weevil, Hyperapostica(Gyllenhal) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), is a pest of concern in alfalfa on the globe. This introduced pest is most problematic in the early season, causing defoliation and reduced yield and quality. Both adults and larvae feed on alfalfa, but the larvae cause the majority of the damage to terminals, foliage, and new crown shoots. This pest has many natural enemies. Among the beneficial insects, the green lacewing, Chrysoperlacarnea (Stephens) (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae), has received special attention since its larvae are important natural enemies of alfalfa weevil. The control of H. postica was done by chemical pesticides. There is now overwhelming evidence that some of these chemicals do pose a potential risk to humans and other life forms and unwanted side effects to the environment. Palizin (Coconut soap) is a natural compound based coconut extract. In the current research work, the effect of this compound on the adult of H. postica and egg and 1st instars larvae of C. carnea was investigated under laboratory and field conditions. Rearing of insects: postica: H. postica larvae were collected from alfalfa fields in Miandoab using sweep nets in July 2016 and taken to the laboratory. Larvae were placed in plastic dishes (5 × 10 × 20 cm), fed by alfalfa foliage, and held at 25 ± 2 ° C, 75± 5% RH to complete their growth and convert to adults. The adults were used for all tests. Carnea: C. carnea adults were collected from alfalfa field at the Miandoab region, taken to the laboratory for identification of species and reared in the laboratory. Clear plastic cylinder containers (with 15 cm diameter × 25 cm height), which were covered with a mesh cloth were used for rearing. A thin layer of food source (mixture of yeast 50%, water 25% and honey 25%) was smeared to a plastic tape which was inserted into the plastic container. Water was provided for the adults through a wet sponge placed on the mesh cloth. To harvest the eggs, the adults were transferred to fresh containers every day. The eggs were laid on a colored paper which was attached to the interior wall of the cage. The eggs hatched after 3 days and the first larvae were used for bioassay. Bioassay: First, primary experiments were performed to determine the minimum and maximum concentrations. Afterward, seven concentrations and also control were considered. Concentrations used for Palizin were 400, 543, 737, 1000, 1357, 1842 and 2500 ppm and for Fenvalerate were 200, 265, 353, 468, 622, 827 and 1200 ppm. Adult were kept at 4 ° C to be inactive. Then, 15 adults were release on the petri plate (with 9cm diameter and 1. 5 cm height). Using spray potter tower, 500 microliter of each concentration was sprayed on the petri and the dishes were placed in a growth incubator at 25± 2˚ C, 65± 5% RH. To evaluate the recommended concentrations (2500 ppm Palizin and 1000 ppm Fenvalerate), an experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block with three treatments and five replications under field conditions. The number of H. postica (adults and larvae) and C. carnea (larvae) was counted day before and 3, 7, 14 and 21 days after treatment. Statistical analyses: The mortality results were analyzed using SPSS data processing software. Significant differences among the groups were determined using the unpaired Duncan-test in 5 % level of significance. The percentage of population reduction in the treatments was corrected in relation to the control (water) by Henderson and Tilton’ s formula under field condition. Results and Discussion: Insecticides may be a good option if other options have not sufficiently controlled alfalfa weevil. Several com mercially available products are labeled for control of alfalfa weevil. Although effective, their repeated usagehas disrupted natural biological control systems and led to resurgence of this pest, resulted in the development of resistance and had undesirable effects on no target organisms. In order to prevent resistance, effective chemical control of the pest requires new insecticides with novel modes of action. In laboratory condition, the LC50 values of Palizin and Fenvalerate on H. postica were 601. 72 and 321. 87 ppm 24 h after treatment, respectively. Toxicity of Fenvalerate for egg and 1st instars larvae of C. carnea was higher than Palizin. The LC50 values of this insecticide were 563. 02 and 178. 46 ppm and the LC50 values of Palizin were 1664 and 1663 ppm. The results of field trial showed that Palizinhas a longer persistency effect. According to IOBC standards, Palizin and Fenvalerate were categorized as slightly toxic and very toxic to C. carnea, respectively. Conclusions: The plant pesticide used in this research caused the high mortality on the adults of H. posticawith proper persistency. In addition, its toxicity is less than Fenvalerate to C. Carnea and can be applied as an effective alternative to chemical insecticides in alfalfa fields.

Background and Objective: Fenvalerate is a component of the pyrethroid pesticide induces oxidative stress. This study was done to determine the effect of garlic extract (GE) and N-acetylcysteine (NAC) against fenvalerate-induced oxidative stress in the serum and testis tissue of rat. Methods: In this experimental study, 42 Wistar rats were randomly allocated into 7 groups including: control group, sham group (normal saline), the first experimental group receiving NAC (80 mg/kg/bw), the second experimental group receiving fenvalerate (10 mg/kg/bw), the third experimental group receiving fenvalerate (10 mg/kg/bw) + garlic extract (40 mg/kg/bw), the fourth experimental group receiving fenvalerate (10 mg/kg/bw) + NAC (80 mg/kg/bw) and the fifth experimental group receiving fenvalerate (10 mg/kg/bw) + garlic extract (40 mg/kg/bw) + NAC (80 mg/kg/bw). Injection of fenvalerate was performed intraperitoneally for 7 consecutive days in animals of intervention groups. Afterwards, for 10 consecutive days, NAC and garlic extract were injected. In this study, 1/40 LD50 fenvalerate was used. The activity of the catalase (CAT), glutathione S-transferase (GST), malondialdehyde (MDA) and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) were determined in serum and testis tissue in all animals. Results: MDA level of serum and testis tissue in fenvalerate group increased significantly compared to the control group (P<0. 05). The injection of NAC and garlic extract alone (P<0. 05) as well as garlic extract in combination with NAC reduced MDA level of serum and testis tissue compared to fenvalerate group (P<0. 05). Serum TAC level was significantly reduced in fenvalerate group compared to control (P<0. 05). Serum TAC level was significantly increased in fenvalerate + GE group, fenvalerate + NAC group and fenvalerate + GE + NAC group compated to the fenvalerate group (P<0. 05). GST activity of serum was significantly increased in fenvalerate group compared to control (P<0. 05). GST activity of serum was significantly reduced in NAC, garlic extract and combination of NAC and garlic extact groups compared to fenvalerate group (P<0. 05). Conclusion: In this animal model study, low dose (10 mg/kg/bw) fenvalerate induces oxidative stress. Garlic extract and N-acetylcysteine (alone and in combination) improve injures caused by fenvalerate.

Objective(s): Particularly in developing countries, selenium and/or iodine deficiencies are encountered and use of pesticides in agriculture are not well-controlled. Fenvalerate is a pyrethroid insectide used in agriculture and has applications against a wide range of pests. This study was designed to evaluate the effects of fenvalerate on hepatic and cerebral xenobiotic metabolizing enzyme activities in the presence of iodine and/or selenium deficiency on a rat model. Materials and Methods: Iodine and/or selenium deficiency was induced by feeding three-week-old Wistar rats with a diet containing <0. 005 mg selenium kg-1, and/or administering 1% sodium perchlorate in drinking water for 7 weeks. Test groups received fenvalerate (100 mg kg-1 BW IP) for the last 7 days. Hepatic and cerebral microsomal aniline hydroxylase (CYP2E1) and cytosolic glutathione S-transferase (GST) activities were determined. Besides, hepatic NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase (P450R), ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase (EROD, CYP1A1/1A2) and penthoxyresorufin O-depenthylase (PROD, CYP2B1/2B2), activities were also measured. Results: Fenvalerate had a general inductive effect on the hepatic and cerebral xenobiotic metabolizing enzyme activities. Moreover, enzyme activities were also altered by iodine and/or selenium deficiency, but the effects seemed to be enzyme-and tissue-specific. Conclusion: The inductive effect of fenvalerate, particularly in high dose exposures, may change the metabolism of several xenobiotics, including drugs, as well as endogenous substrates. The effects may vary depending on the selenium and/or iodine status of individual.

Background: The common pistachio psyllid, Agonoscena pistaciae (Hemiptera: Aphalaridae), is a major pest in pistachio farming areas across Iran. Nymphs and adult insects feed on the plant sap by inserting their mouthparts into the leaves. This feeding behavior results in a decrease in both the quality and quantity of the pistachio crop. Materials and methods: The sensitivity of 5th instar nymphs of A. pistaciae in Rafsanjan to commonly used insecticides imidacloprid, chlorpyrifos, and fenvalerate, was examined using the tower spraying method. Results: Based on the results, the psyllid exhibited LC50 values of 41. 6, 372. 4, and 256. 8 ml a. i. /L for imidacloprid, chlorpyrifos, and fenvalerate, respectively. According to the results of this study, A. pistaciae was significantly more sensitive to imidacloprid than to two other insecticides, chlorpyrifos and fenvalerate. The study measured the impact of pesticides on the activity of three key detoxification enzymes-cytochrome P450 enzymes, naphthyl acetate esterase enzymes, and glutathione S-transferases. The results showed that nymphs treated with imidacloprid had the lowest enzyme activity. Conclusion: The findings suggest that imidacloprid is more effective in controlling the common pistachio psylla due to its lower detoxification under the enzyme activity.

Synthetic pyrethroid insecticides are widely used in place of organ ochlorine, organ ophosphorus insecticides and carbamates to control various types of pests and are among the most potent insecticides known. Due to the extensive application of deltamethrin and fenvalerate in the agricultural lands of the Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province in central Iran, this investigation was conducted to determine LC50, NOEC, MAC and LOEC of these pyrethroid insecticides and their effects on behavioral responses and clinical signs of Zagros pupfish, Aphanius vladykovi. For this, groups of seven A. vladykovi in three replicates were exposed to different concentrations of deltamethrin (EC 2.5%) and fenvalerate (EC 20%) for 96 h within the 20 L glass aquaria and cumulative mortality of fish was calculated in 24-h interval. During experiments reaction and behavior of the fish to toxin were observed carefully. The 96h LC50, NOEC, LOEC, MAC values of deltamethrin for A. vladykovi were estimated at 0.015, 0.0001, 0.0005 and 0.0002 ppb, respectively. The 96h LC50, NOEC, LOEC, MAC values of fenvalerate for Zagros pupfish were estimated at 0.021, 0.0005, 0.001 and 0.0007 ppb, respectively. First changes in behavior were observed 15min after exposure to the three highest deltamethrin concentrations (0.01, 0.1, and 1ppb). The changes in behavioral responses started in the 3 h after dosing of fenvalerate (0.01, 0.1, 1 and 10 ppb). Based on the results, deltamethrin and fenvalerate were classified as super toxic pesticide for Zagros pupfish and this fact should be taken into consideration when these insecticides were used in agriculture. Biological methods could be used for controlling pets instead of pesticides in order to protect this valuable species.

Groundwater is an important part of the ecosystems renewable water. Therefore, reducing groundwater quality is a major threat to agricultural development, especially in arid and semi-arid regions. Suitable application of pesticides in agriculture as not to contaminate groundwater, It requires understanding how these pollutants are transferred to groundwater and assessing the vulnerability of groundwater to pesticide contamination. In this regard, in the present study, the vulnerability of groundwater to pesticides in Malayer vineyards, was assessed in three scenarios of vulnerability in normal, unconventional and optimal conditions using three indicators: GUS, RF and AF. For this purpose, 9 pesticide, Diazinon, Malathion, Dursban Or Chlorpyrifos, Confidor Or Imidacloprid, Dimethoate, Linuron, Fenvalerate, Metsulfuron and Propargite Was studied. Also, zoning maps were prepared using kriging method in GIS software. In the first scenario, Koc and conventional t1/2 pesticide values were used. Also, vulnerability in the other two scenarios was assessed as vulnerability in the worst conditions and vulnerability in the best conditions. Then, according to the regional values of different indicators, pesticides ranking was done by combined programming method. Finally, by combining the results, the pesticides were divided into three groups of suitable, intermediate and inappropriate. The results showed that the probability of vulnerability is low in the northern parts of the study area and the southern part has the highest probability of vulnerability. According to the GUS index, most of the area is in the middle class in terms of leaching. Also Fenvalerate, Linuron and Metsulfuron pesticides were evaluated suitable for study area. Key words: Groundwater vulnerability, GIS, Pesticides ranking, Composite planning, Vineyard gardens.