Transit functions are introduced to study betweenness, intervals and convexity in an axiomatic setup on graphs and other discrete structures. Prime example of a transit function on graphs is the well studied interval function of a connected graph. In this paper, we study the Cycle transit function $\mathcal{C}( u,v)$ on graphs which is a transit function derived from the interval function. We study the betweenness properties and also characterize graphs in which the cycle transit function coincides with the interval function. We also characterize graphs where $|\mathcal{C}( u,v)\cap \mathcal{C}( v,w) \cap \mathcal{C}( u,w)|\le 1$ as an analogue of median graphs.

Introduction Today, with the increasing tendency of the vehicle to walk to public transport is much reduced from their desire the increase of private cars has increased and environmental pollution; So that the air pollution in many countries of the world, especially major cities in Iran is so important that Forced the government to take seriously the issue and adopt policies and programs for its short and long term; In this way and in a different perspective, it is necessary to think. Including urban planners to design their ideas and their views on this issue has been raised and transit-oriented development approach. This approach in urban planning from the 1970s in USA policymakers and researchers in the field of planning and urban design has been considered. Citizens are encouraged to use public transportation in areas with mixed-use residential, commercial and office near a node or transit stops (bus, subway, etc. ) is; that if implemented, this type of planning can bring many benefits, including reduction in transport costs, reduce congestion, sustainability and urban vitality, open shape the development of cities and etc. the cause. In our country, Iran, using public transportation and take advantage of the benefits that have been addressed in the cities, especially big cities. And plans have been implemented in these areas. In Tehran, the large-scale projects such as metro and bus systems were operating Extremist; but the development of such systems requires understanding the effectiveness of various dimensions. The aim of this study is to answer questions about the operation of the bus system Extremist in Tehran to what extent the framework for transit-oriented development approach and its physical properties have been considered. Since then one of habitable transit-oriented development quality objectives in this study is that air pollution is taken into account; Using zoning air pollution in Tehran and its compliance with the requirements of transit-oriented development approach around Extremist bus system to answer the question whether or not there is a connection between the two?

The disintegration of the Soviet Union led to a new condition, which with intervene of foreign players, became a very complicated situation. This trend created a “New Great Game” around Caspian Sea Basin that reminds imperialistic rivalries of Britain and Russia in late decades of 19th century. Increasing demands of industrial countries has caused the rapid attention to this region. Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, and Turkmenistan have arranged huge efforts in this respect, in order to gain more revenue from oil in world. The author has tried to explain the geopolitical dimensions of energy transition around Caspian Sea, with respect to the Goals and rivalries of regional and international players in this region.

The in-transit vibrations caused by uneven roads have a significant effect on mechanical damage of agricultural products. Olive (Olea europaea L. ) fruit is one of the sensitive fruits to mechanical bruising. In this study, the effects of frequency and acceleration of simulated in-transit-vibration using a vibrating table were investigated on mechanical damage of two olive cultivars. The experiments were conducted using a factorial experiment in a completely randomized design with 3 replications. The factors included vibration accelerations (0. 3g, 0. 5g and 0. 7g), vibration frequencies (5, 7. 5 and 10 Hz) and cultivars (Conservolea and Roghani). The effects of frequency and acceleration on the mechanical damage of olive fruit were significant at probability level of 1%. Increasing vibration frequency and acceleration led to first increase and then decrease in mechanical damage. The effect of cultivar on mechanical damage was not significant. The frequency of 7. 5 Hz had the most mechanical damage for both cultivars; therefore, it should be controlled during transportation. The combination of 7. 5 Hz and 0. 5g for Roghani and 7. 5 Hz and 0. 7g for Conservolea caused the most mechanical damage to the fruit.

Vibration generated by vehicles during road transport has an important effect on the agricultural products damage process, particularly vegetable and fruit. Modulus of elasticity is one of the most important mechanical properties of fruits and its variation can be described as one of the damage criteria during transportation. This research was conducted to evaluate the effects of vibration parameters (frequency, acceleration and duration) and fruit position in the bin, on watermelon damage. At first, vibration frequency and acceleration were measured on the different points of a truck-bed in order to obtain the range of vibration frequency and acceleration distribution during transportation. Second, a laboratory vibrator was used to obtain some factors influencing damage during watermelons transportation. The damage was described as a difference in the modulus of elasticity of the watermelon (flesh and hull) before and after the test. According to the results measured on the truck-bed, the vibration frequency mean values were 7.50 Hz and 13.0 Hz for 5-10 Hz and 10-15 Hz frequency intervals, respectively. Furthermore, vibration acceleration mean values were 0.30 g and 0.70 g for 0.25-0.50 g and 0.50-0.75 g intervals, respectively. Vibration frequency and acceleration mean values were used for vibration simulation. Vibration durations were 30 and 60 minutes and damage was measured for watermelons at the top, middle and bottom positions in the bin. Laboratory studies indicated that, vibration frequency, vibration acceleration, vibration duration, and fruit position, which were taken into consideration as controlled variable parameters, significantly affected the damage (P< 0.01). Damage to the watermelon flesh was higher than watermelon hull. Vibration with a frequency of 7.5 Hz, acceleration of 0.70 g, and duration of 60 minutes caused higher damage levels. Fruits located at the top of the bin showed more damage than those in middle and bottom positions (P< 0.05).

Introduction: Among the colorectal physiologic tests, the assessment of colonic transit time (C.T.T) is a simple and useful one. The aim of this study was to evaluate the occurance of  C.T.T abnormalities in chronic idiopathic constipation, correlate C.T.T patterns with symptoms, and to evaluate the effect of age, gender, psychological factors, IBS and daily physical activity on total and segmental colon transit.Methods: A total of 31 patients with chronic idiopathic constipation completed questionnaires; and underwent C.T.T by radio-opaque markers. Correlation were performed between the above variables and C.T.T. Results: Out of 31 patients (24 women, 7men; mean age 38.7yr), 14 patients (45.2%) had abnormal C.T.T Colon transit. The results could be categorized into four groups: normal C.T.T (n=17), right colonic stasis (n=6), isolated left colonic stasis (n=7) and rectosigmoid stasis (n=1). There was a significant correlation between the age above 50 yr and abnormal C.T.T (p<0.05). There was also a significant correlation between the hard stool and abnormal C.T.T (p<0.05). There were no correlation between gender, daily physical activity, psychological status, IBS and C.T.T. Discussion: Our study suggested that chronic idiopathic constipation represent a heterogeneous group of disorders. Defining constipation on the basis of patients reported stool frequency is not reliable and ,hard stool is the best reliable symptom. C.T.T study is a simple, useful and noninvasive test for patients with constipation.

This Essay speak about theoretical praxis of structuralism and it´ s form such linguistical, anthropological and Marxist, and it attempts to explain Structuralist understanding of non-essential, differential and communicationary. Structuralism has a special insight to identity: it is discoursive constituted, thus it has habitied in structurs. This anti-essentialism of Structuralist to the identity of subjects, has become their theoretical return point to a new concept of subjects identity: subjects as ambiguous identity and amalgamated with the other. The concept of the other in Structuralist understanding ended to deconstruction of superior and inferior relation of political main stream.

Victory of the Islamic Revolution, collapse of the Soviet union, independence of the Central Asian and Caucasian countries, war in Afghanistan, the U.S attack on Afghanistan and Iraq, unrest in Arabian Middle East, … along with the other variant geopolitical factors like energy, security, terrorism, nuclear issues, missile defense shield, …caused the geopolitical role of Iran in Middle East to be increasingly highlighted. Therefore, in that special period, Iran was looking for a role suitable for its position in the field of game. One of these fields is Central Asia where Iran due to its cultural, historical, social and political similarities together with the geographical factors calls for playing a leading role in the mentioned region.Among the Central Asian countries, Turkmenistan’s special position due to possessing of the vast volume of gas resources, its long common borders with Iran and its immediate need to the revenue earned by the export of gas for its development process on the one hand, and Islamic Republic of Iran’s need to meet its northern parts’ gas requirements through Turkmenistan’s resources that in the recent years due to increase gas production in Iran this country did not need to this process and his effort go toward transfer Turkmen gas to other country and use for that pay toll.Turkmen’s effort after creation or independence from soviet began and led to singe a contract about gas transfer to Iran and the in the first decade in 21’’ century to china. While there are a lot of failed project such as TCGP, NABACO, TAPI 1 & 2.Turkmenistan with economic issue and increase gas export in diversification planning on pipeline want to reduce Russian dominated and monopoly in gas market in his country so Iran has important situation in Turkmenistan strategy dispute the tension between to country while other regional and international actor such as Russia Turkey, EU. USA, China, India have their interest that led to Turkmenistan gas as a complex economic and political issue.Referring to these aspects the purpose of this article is explained and clarification Iran’s situation in Turkmen gas to increase cooperation between two states.