A survey of the Qur'anic verses and commentaries make it clear that some verses carry deeper and broader concept and demand further study. One of these verses is: And if ye fear that ye will not deal fairly by the orphans, marry of the women, who seem good to you, two or three or four. The relationship between the condition and its following sentential part in the verse, the claim of distortion of the Qur'an as mentioned under the verse in Tabarsi`s Al-Ihtijaj, vujub or istihbabe marriage and meaning of justice in the verse, etc have been among the subjects attracting commentators` much notable attention. The most probable view of the relationship between the condition and its following part in the verse is that (ye) marry should be taken as the sentential part following conditional sentence. The narration mentioned concerning the distortion of the Qur'an, due to its conflict with the verses of the Qur'an and other narratives is also rejected. Again, command to marriage in the verse does not mean necessity of it, but it seems to be recommended. Finally, the justice at hand in the verse, according to the pure`s sayings, is financial justice, and, therefore, there may not be found any contradiction with the verse 129 of this chapter which makes it impossible to establish emotional justice among women.

Water scarcity is a prominent feature of arid and semi-arid regions that jeopardize agricultural production. Therefore, efficient management and use of water resources in agricultural production is essential. One way to manage and increase water use efficiency (WUE) in agriculture is to determine the amount of water used in the production process of agricultural crops, which is used to calculate the amount of water consumed in crop growth stages from the virtual water index. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to calculate the water use efficiency (WUE) of agricultural products in the Khash region under the virtual water and water footprint approach. Therefore, the water requirement was first obtained using the CROPWAT model. Then, the volume of virtual water, green water footprint, and blue water were calculated using Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) to calculate water use efficiency. The results showed that 20. 15% of the total water requirement of Khash agricultural crops is provided by green water and 79. 85% by water. The virtual water content of crop production in this region is 853 m3/ton and the water footprint shows the total amount of water harvested for agricultural production is 133. 554 million m3. The DEA results show that the average water use efficiency of crops in the Khash region is 70. 8%. Corn, potato, onion, tomato, eggplant, melon and watermelon, alfalfa, forage corn, and sorghum with efficiency score 1 Component of efficient crops and dates, grapes, wheat, rice, and barley were among the inefficient products. Using the Fair Ranking Method (FRM) we found that the least efficiency was related to dates and the highest to sorghum product. Finally, it was found that products with a higher water footprint had a lower water use efficiency.

Constitutionalisation means entering the legal rule into a group of fundamental rules that the government is obliged to support and implement. In fact, Constitutionalisation is a process of change and transformation that occurs due to the influence of basic norms in different trends of law and it may be as a result of imbuing the set of legal order with these norms.  In Iran, some articles of the Criminal Procedure Law approved in 2013 are in conflict with some of the principles of Constitutional law that are related to the Procedure. Based on this, it seems necessary to analyze the existing conflicts and examine the possibility of the criminal judge for referring to the constitutional law and not implementing the legal articles that are in conflict with the constitutional principles. The Constitutionalisation of criminal Procedure gives judges the possibility to refer to the constitutional law in the face of conflicting laws. In addition, it will be possible to invalidate the proceedings and decisions by the higher judicial authorities based on the contradiction of the ordinary law with the constitutional law. One of the tools to achieve this goal is redefining the principles related to criminal Procedure. Redefinition with using Constitutionalisation tool  give the possibility to the criminal judges to reach the mentioned results after knowing those principles that govern the criminal Procedure.

A problem that sometimes occurs in multi objective optimization is the existence of a large set of fairly efficient solutions. Hence, the decision making based on selecting a unique preferred solution is difficult. Considering models with fair B -efficiency relieves some of the burden from the decision maker by shrinking the solution set, since the set of fairly B-efficient solutions is contained within the set of fairly efficient solutions for the same problem. In this paper, first some theoretical and practical aspects of fairly B-efficient solutions are discussed. Then, some scalarization techniques are developed to generate fairly B-efficient solutions.

To determine land typology on the basis of landslide variable and to prepare a map using Nilson method, a case study has been done. The area is located in the north of Semnan, in Chashm Khatir Koh. First the exact area for the study was determined and all land slides in the region were recorded. Point distribution and surface distribution maps were prepared. Then, on the basis of Nilson method, the slope of slide was drawn on a map at the levels of; 0-5, 5-15 and more than 15 percent and also the geological map was drawn. Then maps for three classes of minor slide or no slide units, slide units and units with slide potentials, were prepared. On the basis of Nilson method, comparing and combining two maps (slope and slide units), typology map of land slide with five units:stable, generally stable, fairly stable, fairly not stable and areas with mudflow potential were drawn. The land area for each classification are consequently 62, 18, 690 and 94 hectare. The result of the study showed that Nilson method cannot be recommended for the region because the stable land area, fairly not stable land area and fairly not stable are more frequent than the rest. Another deficiency with this method is the existence of stable area for lands with the slope of less than 5 percent. To overcome this deficiency,slope classification was grouped into five classes on the basis of land slide distribution:less than 5, 5-15, 15-25, 25-45 and more than 45. On the basis of conformation and comparison of new slope map and geology map, typological map land slide at five levels: stable, generally stable, fairly stable, fairly not stable and with mudflow potential was prepared. Land slide area for each of these levels are respectively 57,263,394,652 and 94 hectare which are fairly acceptable to be recommended to the administrative sectors in the region.

Purpose: To measure the performance of Encyclopaedia Islamica Foundation based on the Performance Prism Model.Methodology: This is an applied research using mixed approach and methods such as desk research, case study and survey. Using the purposive sampling, key well-informed staff were selected and indicators of Performance Prism facets were formulated. Based on self-designed questionnaires, the views of key stakeholders have been measured regarding five facets of the performance prism model.Results: Encyclopaedia Islamica Foundation performance was studied in three levels of undesirable, fairly desirable and desirable getting the viewpoints of key stakeholders (board of trustees, faculty members, authors and financial supporters) and with regard to five facets of performance prism (stakeholder satisfaction, strategies, processes, capabilities and stakeholder contribution). All facets of the foundation’s performance were desirable regarding the board of trustees’ comments and fairly desirable regarding faculty members and authors’ viewpoints. The processes were desirable according to financial supporters but the other four facets were fairly desirable.Conclusion: A consistent balance exists among all facets of the performance prism. Based on stakeholders’ views, the foundation’s performance is fairly desirable and desirable, which indicates satisfaction of stakeholders and successful performance of the foundation. Such evaluation makes it possible for managers to compare present and desirable situation and identify strengths and weaknesses. Manager of the foundation can also use this research results to reach to a desirable level and success by improving undesirable or fairly desirable indicators.

TVS have been established with different objectives, namely to prepare the grounds for guiding the students towards employment or providing opportunity for continuing their studies. However poor quality of schools, lack of required capacities in society, and various gender inequalities in labor market have been serious obstacles in fulfilling the above objectives and thus have reinforced the conception that school outputs are undesirable.Aimed at studying this mentality scientifically, the present research evaluates the outputs of girls’ TVS in Tehran in 3 stages."Pre-evaluation" stage consisted of surveying 236 experts, 7 factors, 45 indicators in "personal, social and economical" dimensions and compiling 16 judgment criteria in "desirable, fairly desirable and undesirable" levels.In "evaluation" stage, compiled factors and indicators, along with 3 questionnaires administrated to 226 participants including principals, graduates, and employers of employed graduates were used.Results showed that in personal dimension, quality of "achievement and dropout" and "alumni (knowledge, attitude, creativity, and skills)" were "fairly desirable" and "promotion to higher education " was "undesirable".In social dimension, quality of "fulfillment of educational-social goal" was "fairly desirable". In economical dimension, quality of "employment" and "entrepreneurship" was "undesirable" and "employer satisfaction" was "fairly desirable". Both of personal and economical dimensions were evaluated as "undesirable" and social dimension evaluated as "fairly desirable". Finally, quality of girl’s TVS in Tehran was evaluated as "undesirable".In "post-evaluation" stage, using the results of content analysis of open ended questionnaires of graduates and employers, matched with interviewing students, teachers and school counselors, the reasons of evaluation results were discussed and recommendations for improvement of present situation were suggested.

In this paper, the combined and new methods in distribution network with distributed generation are introduced to allocate fixed cost fairly that is applicable for radial network. Allocation of fixed cost based MW-mile is not fairer method. Fixed cost allocated based on average or peak consumed power using MW-mile that is not fairer method. It is essential to a new method introduced. Unfair pricing under a power profile conditions is shown. Distributed generation (DG) resources can provide benefits to distribution and transmission networks and receive a reward charge. Allocation of DG reward must be fairly. Allocation of DG reward can be based on power loss reduction of loads therefore a new method is introduced and tested on 8-bus distribution network.