Annals of Military and Health Sciences Research
Year:2004 | Volume:2 | Issue:1 (Serial Number 5)|Papers Count:15

Background: Current methods of ultrasound (US) imaging quality control involve an observer taking a series of measurements on test object images. Materials and Methods: This process is rapidly becoming more so as the complexity of US scanners increases. We have designed and made a suite of programs to analyze captured US images to estimate a number of performance parameters, including dead zone, axial and lateral markers, axial and lateral resolution, focusing number, uniformity, and sensitivity in real time B-mode scanners. For checking caliper accuracy and other parameters in real time B-mode ultrasound, ultrasound propagation velocity in test object must be equal ultrasound propagation velocity in soft tissue. This is clearly that if ultrasound propagation velocity differs from scanner calibration velocity, its effect on other measurements such as resolution is well known. Therefore, We have used from salt-water, ethylene alcohol, ethylene glycol and tissue mimicking materials, and their velocities were compared and measured. Results: Images of rods were digitally captured and analyzed to obtain US performance parameters at each depth. In the current study, test object and its protocol were designed and proposed to quantitatively determine diagnostic ultrasound parameters. Conclusion: This is study, we have proposed Test object phantom with tissue mimicking materials for evaluation of ultrasound systems easily and performance able.  

Introduction: Sulfur Mustard (SM) exposure leads to the various known late complications and socio-physical disabilities in the long-time. Evaluation and relationship between socio-demography factors with intensity of the late complications of SM induced diseases have not been assessed in the long-time after occurrence of exposure yet. Material and Method: 500 SM known exposures enrolled randomly with company in specific documented criteria of contact. All of the subjects had various pulmonary disabilities and eye lesions. Results: 500 male victims, aged 36.5+/_5.2S0 years, 80% mild obstructive pattern, 69.2% mild eye lesions enrolled. There was 97% marriage, 75.7% three or less than three offspring, 92.8% employment, and 27.2% resident in moisture climate provinces. But only 37.3% applied countermeasures equipments. No significant relationship exist between usages various personal equipments with degree of pulmonary disabilities and eye lesions. Conclusion: Usage of personal equipments causes reduction of complications SM exposure. But subjects in this study applied less often countermeasures equipments. However, intensity of late complications and pulmonary disabilities often were mild degrees after long-time. It may be due to well health care, management and resident in moisture climate provinces. And also, the infertility was significantly low in victim's families.  

Background: This study was done to evaluate the cutaneous leishmaniasis prevalence in Gorgan, to help the health official to implement a proper health service programme, in this region. Materials and methods: this is a descriptive study, (case series) which concentrates on the 175 files belonging to the patients who were referred to the Gorgan health center during a four-year study (1998-2001). Results: The sample of 20-49 years had the higher rate of the disease and the lowest rate of the disease belonged to the age over fifty. Most of the patients had the lesion on the body organ, and the majority of the patients had two lesions. The sample population in this study belonged to the three different ethnic groups (Fars, Turkaman, and Afghan), which Fars had the highest prevalancy.93 patients (53.1%) reside in the towns, and 82 patients (46.9 %) reside in the villages from those patients resides in the towns 51 patients had dried lesions, and 59 patients from villages had wet lesions. conclusion: with regard to the first incidence, the highest rate of disease during this four years was reported during the months of September, October, November, and December and according to the disease duration in wet lesions it expected that most of the cases resulted of the wet kind  

Background: Our previous studies have shown that median and ulnar nerve lesion induced calbindin (CB) immunoreactivity in some injured motoneurons in developing rats. Motoneuron death induced by sciatic nerve transection in neonatal rats has been related to induction of neuronal isoform of nitric oxide synthase. The present study investigated whether CB expression is related to the death or survival of motoneurons in response to axotomy. Materials and methods: After median and ulnar nerve transection at P2 and Pl, NADPH-diaphorase histochemistry was performed on cervical sections to analyze the induction of nitric oxide synthase in motoneurons retrogradely labeled with fast blue and immunostained for CB. NADPH-diaphorase reactivity was not detectable in fast blue (FB) labeled motoneurones after 1 and 2weeks after nerve lesion at P2. Results: following nerve lesion at P7, some FB labeled motoneurons showed enzyme activity 2 weeks after nerve lesion which were not CB immunoreactive. Conclusion: The results indicate the possible role of nitric oxide in nerve regeneration and the role of CB in neuroprotection from cell death or in mechanisms of neurodegeneration.  

Background: The collection and exclusion of waste has always been a problem for mankind. In natural environments and mountainous plays as for their popularity in mountain climbing, tourist visits and people camping there, it is of much interest to people and therefore the collection and exclusion of rubbish in the mentioned places must be of more concern. As there were little studies conducted in this field, there was a need for practical and scientific studies about rubbish in mountainous locations. Material and method: there is 485 grams of rubbish percapita including 18.6%food cans, 9.3% recycled food plates, 53.6% cardboards and it's sorts and 2% decaying substances. Also according to the analysis of the questionnaire, the average of being a member in "Basij" (Volunteer helping) was 13.47%, having, mountain climbing experience was 5.87% and age was 33.93%. The carried out survey shows that the speed and status of rubbish contamination in this camp is undesirable. Result: from all of the question were completed, 94% of them emphasize the importance of rubbish exclusion and named training mountain climbers, using small and high energy foods, and necessitating the climbers to collect the rubbish and exclude them in a certain place as the solutions to minimizing rubbish in mountainous places and military aggregations. Conclusion: Also the rate of the people's familiarity with rubbish collection and exclusion methods had direct relation ship with their membership time in Basij, mountain climbing experience and their age.  

Background: in this study, using a modified microtitre plate and scanning electron microscope, we investigated biofilm production by Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm productions are difficult to eradicate with antimicrobial treatment and up to 60% of all human infections are caused by biofilms. Bacterial biofilms may be found at various sites, including mucus membrane, teeth and indwelling medical devices. Pseudomonas aeruginosa is one of the most important opportunistic bacteria and producing biofilm. It has been reported that biofilm forming bacteria are more resistance to antibiotic treatment and immunologic attack. Materials and methods: clinical isolates of Paeruginosa were collected from hospital and identified by biochemical tests. A modified microtitre plate as described by stepanovic was used to determine the biofilm formation capacity of Paeruginosa and measured using ELlSA reader. The bacteria biofilm on the Teflon sheets and cather were fixed by modified method described by Ishila. They were observed with scanning electron microscope. Results: the results demonstrated that Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain M214 denser biofilm formation compared with other strain, with OD=2.89 using modified microtitre plate test. Scanning electron micrograph of bacteria on the Teflon and catheter that had been incubated with Paeruginosa M214 for 1 and 7 days were investigated. The results showed biofilm formation on catheter was denser that Teflon sheets. The bacteria incubated for 7 days on Teflon and catherter were covered with thick membranous and fibrous structure, unlike bacteria incubated for 1 day. Conclusion: It seems modified microtitre plate is better and easier way to use in diagnostic laboratories regard to treatment difficulties, it strongly recommend studying the biofilm before antibiotic administration.  

Background: Efflux is the process in which bacteria transport compounds outside the cell which are potentially toxic, such as drug or chemicals or compounds. Materials and methods: For this review article by using key words: multidrug resistance, microorganims, efflux pumps, resistance mechanism we have assessed 12 articles in journals published during 1997-2002 Results: Multidrug efflux systems endow on bacterial cells the ability to limit the access of antimicrobial agents to their targets. By actively pumping out antibiotic molecules, these systems prevent the intra cellular accumulation necessary for antibiotics to exert their lethal actively. Drug efflux appears to be one of the most widespread antibiotic resistance mechanisms among microorganisms, since it has been demonstrated to occur in many Gram positive and Gram-negative bateria including medically important species like staphylococci, streptococci, enterobacteria and opportunistic pathogens like pseudomonas aeruginosa. Bacterial antimicrobial efflux transporters have generally been grouped into five superfamily. These include the major facilitator superfamily (MFS), the ATP- binding cassette family, the resistance- nodulation- division (RND) family, the small multidrug resistance (SMR) and multidrug and toxic compound extrusion (MATE) family. Conclusion: Efflux pumps can be specific for only one substrate or accommodate a more or less wide range of noxious products.  

Background: Regarding to the limited clinical possibilities for schizophrenia diagnosis and treatment and the importance of cerebrospinal fluid in it, it seems study of the relative structures of ventricular system can lead us to the new diagnostic points. Materials and Methods: For this review article we have used through Pub. Med, Yahoo and Google sites following keywords: schizophrenia-ventricular system-lat ventricle -third ventricle -fourth ventricle –Sylvain canal-cerebrospinalfluid-mesencephalicduct-caudatenucleus-amygdaloidbetween 1990 and 2001 years. The study was focused on anatomical findings. Results: ln the related structures of ventricular systems cytological changes in thalamus, basal ganglia and_hipochampus, fractiotinal anizotropy induction in corpus callosum, cerebellar supersensitivity was found. Conclusion: Regard to recent new findings of periventricular spaces theses anatomical focuses may be useful for new research on diagnosis and treatment of schizophrenia.