SCIENTIFIC-RESEARCH IRANIAN VETERINARY JOURNAL
Year:2015 | Volume:11 | Issue:2|Papers Count:14

In order to investigate the effect of partial replacement of barley starch with neutral detergent soluble fiber with or without roasted canola seed on histomorphometry of lamb rumen, reticulum and rumen fermentation parameters, 24 Arabian male lambs were used for 84 days in a completely randomized design with a 2×2 factorial arrangement of treatments.Dietary treatments were, 1) starch of barley, 2) starch of barley with roasted canola seed 3) beet pulp and 4) beet pulp with roasted canola seed. Forage: conceantrat ratio was 10: 90 for all diets. Partial replacement of starch with beet pulp led to increase thickness of the epithelium, tunica muscularis and the rumen wall (p<0.01). Interactions between carbohydrate source with roasted canola seed were significantly associated with villus height and thickness of the epithelium, and addition of the roasted canola seed to the diet with high soluble fiberlead to significant increases in both parameters compared with high starch diets. Partial replacement of starch with soluble fiber increased height, thickness and number of folds, the thickness of the epithelium, muscular floor and the reticulum wall (p<0.01). Addition of canola seed was followed by increase in the number of folds, the thickness of the epithelium and muscular wall in the reticulum. High starch diets decreased rumen pH and addition of canola seed increased this parameter. Partial replacement of starch with soluble fiber and addition of roasted canola seed increased acetate concentration and decreased concentration of propionate, butyrate, and isobutyrate. The results of this study showed that partial replacement of starch with neutral detergent soluble fiber and addition of fat from roasted canola seed could affect the histological structure of reticulo- rumen and increased absorption of volatile fatty acids, prevent their accumulation in the rumen and provide a more favorable pH when animals fed by high concentrate diets.

This study was conducted to investigate the effect ofAscophyllum nodosum brown seaweed (Tasco) on milk production and composition, digestibility, rumen fermentation and respiration rate of dairy cow in Khuzestan. In this experiment, 6 Holstein cows with 15} 5 days average days in milk in two 30-day periods over rotational design were assigned. For this purpore experimental treatments (control and 2%, tasco) and 3 repeats were used. After adaptation, feed intake, nutrient digestibility, milk production and composition, rumen-respiratory rate and rumen parameters were measured. The results of experiment showed that there was no significant difference between control and 2% tasco treatment for digestibility DM, NDF, ADF and protein and milk production and composition (P>0.05). According to the results, the apparent intestinal digestibility of protein, rumen undegradable protein of the control treatment and treatment containing tasco were not different (P>0.05). Rumen-respiratory rate, rumenal rate and body temperature were not significant between treatments (P>0.05). There was no significant difference between the two treatments for time of eating, rumination, rest and total chewing activity (P>0.05). Tasco had no significant effect on rumen pH and ammonia nitrogen (P>0.05). Therefore results revealed that in the range temperature (avereage temperature was 35.05 celsius) of this experiment, the animals apparently have adapted to environment conditions and tasco has no effect on them.

This study was conducted to investigate the synergy effect of sesame oil (SEO) and olive leaf extract (OLE) as sources of natural antioxidants of diet on the morphology of the jejunum and blood parameters of broilers from 7 to 28 days of age. One hundred fifty Ross male broilers were randomly distributed to 30 experimental units and 6 dietary treatments (5 replicates with 5 birds in each). The completely randomized design with factorial arrangement 3×2 with 3 levels of OLE (0, 120 and 240 mg/kg of diet) and 2 types of vegetable oil [crude corn oil (CRO) and SEO] were used. The experimental diets included: a corn soybean meal based diet with added CRO and without OLE supplementation, a basal diet with SEO and without OLE supplementation, a basal diet with added CRO and 120 mg/kg OLE supplementation, a basal diet with added SEO and 120 mg/kg OLE supplementation, a basal diet with added CRO and 240 mg/kg OLE supplementation and a basal diet with added SEO and 240 mg/kg OLE supplementation. Chicks fed with diet containing CRO and without OLE had the lowest lenght jejunum villi (1085 μm) (P<0.05). Replacement of SEO with CRO in the diet resulted in a significant increase in villus width and a significant decrease in serum triglyceride levels of broilers (P<0.05). The inclusion of OLE in diet significantly decreased the serum glucose and malondialdehyde (P<0.05). It demonstrated that concurrent use of OLE and SEO in broiler diets from 7 to 28 days of age, could be positively influence on blood parameters and gastrointestinal health due to their strong antioxidant compounds.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of orally administered β-glucan (Macrogard) (1 g/kg food/day for 45 days) and Streptococcus vaccines on growth and hematological parameters (including hematocrit, hemoglobin, MCV, MCH, MCHC and total red and white blood cells) of rainbow trout. Treatments of control, vaccine, vaccines to Macrogard and Macrogard were examined in a 45 days period. Vaccination was performed once using the immersion. The results showed that the fish growth and FCR in Macrogard treatment significant effect compared to control (p<0.05). Significant increase observed with total numbers of white blood cells in vaccine treatment and Macrogard plus vaccine compared to control. (p<0.05). The white cell differential and lymphocyte counts showed significant difference in Macrogard, vaccine and vaccine plus Macrogard treatments in comparison with control (p<0.05). The result of survival of fish challenged withStreptococcus iniae via bath route was 46.75%, while those for vaccine treatment, Macrogard plus vaccine and Macrogard were 68.18, 83.95 and 50.91%, respectively. The results of this study showed that supplement of Macrogard has positive effect on growth and viability of rainbow trout and can enhance efficacy of anti- streptococcus iniae vaccine.

Salmonellosis is an important zoonotic disease that is caused by a variety ofSalmonella serovars. Our recent surveys from the Iranian poultry flocks have shown a high prevalence of serogroup C amongSalmonella isolates. Because Salmonella ser. Infantis is a member of serogroup C and an important zoonotic agent as well, this study was conducted to determine the detection ofSalmonella ser. Infantis among a large collection of serogroups C Salmonella isolates available in our laboratory. A total of 100 serogroup CSalmonella isolates originated from broiler chickens were selected from our bacterial collection in the Department of Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran. Using PCR and by application of primers specific forSalmonella ser. Infantis, the prevalence of this serovar was detected among 100 isolates. Then, using the disk diffusion procedure, the drug resistance patterns ofS. ser. Infantis isolates were determined against a panel of antibacterial agents commonly used in medicine and veterinary medicine. The results showed that among 100 serogroup CSalmonella isolates, %79 isolates belonged to S. ser. Infantis. Antimicrobial susceptibility test revealed that all isolates were sensitive to florfenicol and danofloxacin. The highest antimicrobial resistance was seen for tetracycline, nalidixic acid and furazolidone.Among the resistant isolates, multidrug resistance was widespread and resistance to at least 4 and at most 11 compounds were observed. This study showed a high prevalence ofS. ser.Infantis with high drug resistance among broiler flocks which is very critical due to the public health and zoonotic issues related to this serovar.

Recently it has been shown that acute administration of nano zinc oxide has stronger anxiolytic effect than conventional zinc oxide. Exercise can also reduce the level of anxiety in athletes. This study is done to clarify the effect of chronic administration of nano and conventional ZnO alone and in the presence of aerobic exercise on anxiety behaviors. Male Wistar rats (185±10 gr) divided into these groups of control, exercise (6 weeks), recipient of nano zinc oxide and zinc oxide (1mg / kg I.P) daily for 6 weeks alone and with exercise activity. Groups with exercise activity started their practice 30 minutes after injection which has based on training protocol. After 6 weeks, the anxiety indexes (time percentage that they present in open arm (% OAT) and percentage of open arm entries (%OAE)) and locomotor activity were assessed by the elevated plus maze. Exercise activity, ZnO and nano ZnO show reduced anxiolytic effect by increasing %OAT (P<0.05, P<0.01 and P<0.001 respectively) and %OAE (respectively P<0.05, P<0.05 and P<0.01) without any change in locomotor activity. Anxiolytic effect of nano ZnO with exercise activity was maintained in comparison with exercise activity alone %OAT (P<0.05) while this effect was not observed for conventional ZnO. It seems, that chronic administration of nano ZnO has more significant anxiolytic effect than its conventional form and this effect is maintained in presence of exercise. The different effect of nano ZnO in compared to ZnO beside of exercise can be due to properties related to size of nanoparticles that increase their efficacy in compared to conventional form.

Hydatidosis is one of the most common zoonotic diseases. Surgery is the preferred treatment for disease and chemotherapy is recommended for patients that surgically treatment is impossible. In this study, the therapeutic effects of herbalEchinacea purpurea, Sambucus ebulusand zinc oxide nanoparticles compared with albendazole was investigated on experimental infection model in mice. The 36 mice were divided into 6 groups. Two thulands Live protoscoleces (n=2000) were injected intraperitoneally. The mice were kept for 8 months. Two groups were considered as non-infected control group and infected control group. Third group, were treated with zinc oxide nanoparticles, group IV, withEchinacea purpurea, the fifth group, with Sambucus ebulus and group VI, with albendazole daily for one month. After the treatment period, mice were dissected. Number, size and volume of cysts in the viscera were determined. The results showed that in all infected groups, cysts were formed. Furthermore the number, size and volume of cysts in treated groups, in comparison with control infected group were reduced significantly (P<0.05). The minimum number in the treated group withEchinacea purpurea, the minimum size and volume of cysts were observed in the treated group withSambucus ebulus. The largest number, volume and the maximum size of the cysts were observed in the infected control group. The study of therapeutic effects ofSambucus ebulus and Echinacea purpurea herbal medicines and zinc oxide nanoparticles demonstrated a significant reduction of the number, size and volume of the cysts. It seems thatSambucus ebulus and Echinacea by stimulates the host immune system, induced changes were mentioned. Scolicidal effects of zinc oxide maybe due to the protective effects against oxidative stresses and/or similar to cytotoxic effects on cancer cells.However, the mechanism of action by each of these ingredients, especially herbs issue requires further studies in the future.

This study was carried out to evaluate the potential impact of butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) on the frozen–thawed semen quality of Markhoz goat. Semen samples were collected by an artificial vagina, twice a week from the four matured goat. Semen samples were diluted in extender containing tris, fructose, 1.5% soybean lecithin and various concentrations of BHT (0, 0.5, 1, 2 and 4 mM). After cooling at 5 oC for two hours, semen samples were frozen in liquid nitrogen vapor and plunged into liquid nitrogen for storage. Motility indices, viability, membrane integrity, morphology and acrosome status of Markhoz goat semen were assessed after freezing-thawing. Results of this experiment showed that extender containing 1mM BHT significantly improved motility, progressive motility, membrane integrity and viability compare with control treatment (P<0.05). Morphology and acrosome status were not significantly affected by the different levels of BHT (P≥0.05). It can be concluded that adding 1mM BHT to the soybean lecithinin-based extender is suitable for cryopreservation of Markhoz gaot sperm and maintain its fertility.

Staphylococcus aureusprotein A, as a cell wall protein of the bacterium, belongs to a group of bacterial proteins with binding specificity for the IgG molecule. Recently, we cloned and expressed the protein A gene ofStaphylococcus aureus in E.coli, as a fusion protein with maltose binding protein (MBP-Protein A). After purification, the expressed protein was also labeled with peroxidase. The aim of this study was to evaluate the reaction of this recombinant protein A with the immunoglobulin of some animal species. Based on the results of ELISA and immunodot, the labeled protein A was able to bind cat and dog IgGs. The reactivity of the protein with cattle and horse IgGs was weak and it reacted poorly with sheep IgG. This protein did not react with chicken IgG. In this study, the ability of the expressed protein A labeled with peroxidase, for detection ofE.coli specific antibodies in cat and dog sera was demonstrated by indirect ELISA. In conclusion, the recombinant MBP-protein A is biologically active and could be used in immunological assays at least for certain animal species.

Minerals are essential in reproduction, growth and metabolism. Since minerals are influenced by environmental and nutritional factors and have interaction with physiological status, their determination is valuable in relation to pregnancy. To do this, blood samples were taken from 100 Holstein cattle from different regions of Birjand, including 75 pregnant (light, moderate and heavy pregnant) and 25 delivered. Calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, copper, zinc, and iron were measured in the cattle serum. The levels of magnesium and copper were decreased significantly during the period of pregnancy (P<0.05). Decrease of the calcium, phosphorus and zinc concentration during this period were not statistically significant (P>0.05). The level of magnesium and zinc significantly (P<0.05), and the level of copper partially (P<0.05) increased in delivered cows, but calcium reduction was potentiated in this group (P<0.05). Ferrous was the unique element which partially increased during gestational period (P<0.05). The reduction of minerals during gestational period specifically in heavy cattle may be related to the increased need of the mother and fetus, or the probability of minerals interaction.

The Newcastle disease is one of the most important avian viral diseases that infect many species of birds such as chickens and pigeons. Virulent strain of Newcastle disease virus that is the causative agent of this disease in pigeons called pigeon paramyxovirus-1 (PPMV-1) and also cause virulent Newcastle disease in chickens. In order to isolate and clone the F gene cleavage site of PPMV-1, cloacal and oro-tracheal swabs samples were collected from 50 pigeon lofts in Ahvaz during 2013-2014. Also samples of brain, trachea, lungs, liver, spleen and cecal tonsils from the suspected died birds were collected. Each sample after preparation was inoculated to 9 to 11-day-old embryonated eggs and after collection of alantoic fluid, hemagglutination inhibition test was performed by specific positive PPMV-1 serum. Then, virus RNA of sample was extracted and cDNA synthesized. Primer sequences were used to amplify a 535 base pair fragment in polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Finally, PCR products were analyzed by electrophoresis. Results of the present study indicated that 9 of 50 pigeon lofts were positive in embryonated egg and in rapid hemagglutination test. hemagglutination inhibition test with specific PPMV-1 positive serum confirmed that all of isolated viruses are PPMV-1. Eighteen Percent of the suspected pigeons were positive to PPMV-1. PCR, confirmed that all 9 lofts were positive and PCR products of samples indicated 535–base pair fragment in electrophoresis. It was concluded that PPMV-1 was enzootic in pigeon lofts of Ahvaz and could always be a threat for poultry industry. Thus, sequencing and determining the cleavage site of virus; quarantining, eliminating and effective vaccination of infective pigeons and evaluating virulent of these viruses in poultry industry are very important in prevention, control and circulating virus from pigeons to chickens and vice versa.

A 4 months male lamb with the weight of about 8 kilogram was referred to the Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University of Mashhad in winter 2012. Some hours before referring, shepherd had observed tremor, paresis and falling in the lamb. In survey of vital signs and physical examination of the animal, obvious edema of upper eyelids and muzzle, tremor, paleness of conjunctiva, absence of menace reflex, blindness, hypothermia, tachypnea, incoordination on walking, knuckling of the fetlocks and finally sternal recumbency were revealed. After careful review of the case history and perforning some laboratory tests on whole blood, serum and cerebrospinal fluid, ivermectin toxicosis (drug overdose) was diagnosed. There is no specific antidote for this toxicosis, so supportive and symptomatic treatments were performed. The farmer slaughtered the lamb two days later. In autopsy, except for emaciation and mild ascites no macroscopic lesions were observed. Up to the authors' knowledge, this is the first report of ivermectin toxicosis in lamb in Iran and possibly in the world.