TOLOO-E-BEHDASHT
Year:2009 | Volume:8 | Issue:1-2 (26)|Papers Count:11

Background: Today people who work in organizations are facing with some stressful factors. Some of this stress is not important and can be cured easily, but some of it is very important and dangerous that cannot be cured easily. This kind of stress can have a great influence on organization performance. So coping with job and organizational stress leads to saving workers' time, power and energy and can improve productivity and organizational performance immediately.Methods: This is a descriptive – analytical study conducted to assess the effect of stress on managers' performance in different wards of hospitals affiliated to Tehran University of Medical Sciences. Data were collected by a questionnaire including 26 questions designed according to Likert scale. The sample consisted of 220 subjects each being a manager in different wards of hospitals more than one year. The statistical SPSS software and appropriate statistical tests were used for data analysis.Results: In this study, 68.2% of the samples were female; 72.8% were married; 47.7% had a job record between 10 – 20 years; 40.6% were head nurses; 51.8% worked in general hospitals and 93.4% of managers had severe stress in the past 2 years with working environment being most stressful for them.Conclusion: The findings indicated that having high duty and expectations of top managers were the factors causing most stress in managers.Result also indicated that stress had negative impact on managers ability to make decision effectively at work. The relationship between job record and the effect of stress on performance was reverse and significant (P= 0.01), (r=­ 0.17).

Background: Infected surfaces are a means of transporting infection, especially in health-care centers. Thus an appropriate sterilization method can help controlling hospital infection. In this study the antibacterial effect of Hydrogen peroxide and silver ions composition (H 2 O 2 +Ag+) on growth inhibition of Escherichia Coli as well as Proteus Mirabilis and Klebsiella Pneumonia on a steel surface were tested. Method: Initially we sterilized each 10-part bacterium, overall 30 steel surfaces using alcohol and fire. Then we contaminated the surfaces with a heavy suspension of aforementioned bacteria and contacted the H 2 O 2+Ag+ solution (concentrations were 30 ppm ad 30 ppb respectively). After each step, bacterial cultures were performed on Eosin Methylen Blue (EMB) agar. Cultures were interpreted using Mc Nemar analysis method in 37o C after 24 h.Results: Statistical analysis showed a significant difference before and after performing H 2 O 2+Ag+ solution (P=0.008 for E.coli, P=0.014 for Klebsiella, P=0.002 for Proteus). Conclusion : Previous studies focused mostly on Hydrogen peroxide vapor disinfection, but here we indicated its effect as a surface disinfectant in the form of solution and composition with silver, a heavy metal with antibacterial property. Our future objective is to evaluate the effect of such disinfectant in hospital and health-care centers that is underway.

Background: The goal of health system reform in Iran is embarking on a series of continued changes for improving efficiency, fixing justice for people's use of health services, protecting people against financing dangers due to disease, and reforming payment system. Family physician program is selected as the base of health system reform. Method: For this cross- sectional study (in 1387), 36 family physicians were selected.Data gathering was done through a standard questionnaire provided by ministry of health and medical education (including 5 aspects: management, performance, contract & guideline, social cooperation and results). Chi-square test and descriptive tables were used to analyze the data through SPSS software 11.5.Results: The study of the average score of the cities, job level and work record in 5 aspects indicated that Abarkouh (99.48), heads of centers (91.68), and physicians with job background between 10-20 months (97.73) had the best performance, while Mehriz (85.38), public physicians (90.16), physicians with job background of lower than 10 months (86.73) had the worst performance. There was a significant difference between work city and family physicians' scores in social cooperation. Conclusion : The findings showed the necessity of documenting and prioritizing the whole area problems and inadequacies of centers, observance of the referral system according to standards of state and country by physicians, creating electronic health folder for the whole dependent population, increasing communication between health team, people and state attendant, making use of people participation, solving livelihood problems of health team members and paying their salary and benefits on time,...

Background : In today’s competetive world, the only sustainable competetive advantage for any organization (such as medical centers) is its staff and their role in the success of the organization. This is possible through empowerment of staff and getting them commited to their work.Thus, the aim of the present study is to find relationship between psychological empowerment and organizational commitment in nursing staff. Method: The present study is of a descriptive- correlative type that is based on the stratified random sampling method; 165 questionnaires were distributed among nurses working in two hospitals in Zahedan. Eventually 18 questionnaires were excluded for the lack of information or defects. The data collection tools were 3 questionnaires: 1) Profile’s study questionnaire 2) the Spreitzer’s psychological empowerment questionnaire (1996) and 3) the organizational commitment questionnaire of Allen and Meyer (1990). For data analysis, T-test, Pearson correlation and multiple regression were used.Results: 1) The average of organizational commitment among nursing staff was 3.6734 showing that organizational commitment is rather desirable.2) The average of psychological empowerment was 4.238 showing that the empowerment and capacity is high.3) Multiple regression result also indicated that among psychological empowement variables only meaningfullness feeling variable had a meaningful relationship with changes of the organizational commitment scores.Conclusion: It is necessary that, by giving freedom of practice, effective management, upgrading motivation and self-management ability, mangers in medical- health centers provide conditions through in – service training, division of labor based on competence and merit condition, in which nursing staff consider their job valuable and have internal interest and believe in their ability and capacity for duties assigned to them and have the feeling of trusting each other, interest and merit which cause an increase in individual’s organizational commitment.

Background: Sleep is recognized as an essential part of life. Sleep problems are one of the common parental concerns for pediatricians.Methods: This study was performed on 301 infants aged 1-2 years referring to health centers of Yazd for vaccination from 2008 to 2009. Results: Of the patients, 71% had a delayed fall asleep; 62% of them had unfavorable sleep habits such as drinking milk from the breast or a bottle.Approximately 50% of them had 2-3 times and 25% more than three times night walking. Mean of nocturnal sleep for them was 9.45 hours and less than half of them (46.2%) had enough nocturnal sleep the duration of which was between 12-14 hr. Also 46.2% had sweating during sleep.96.7% of the children had room sharing with parents and 40.2% had bed sharing with their parents. In the current study there was no relationship between type of delivery, sex and weight of infants with sleep disorders. Sleep disorder was significantly more common in children with abnormal sleep habit. This study showed that bedtime resistance and the irregular bedtime are seen more associated with each other.Conclusion: High frequency of sleep problem in the study may indicate the extent of sleep problems in our kids and public education regarding sleep hygiene to promote parents' awareness is essential to alleviate this problem.

Background: As aerated lagoons method is a new method of wastewater treatment in our country and being used in Bandargaz wastewater plant and as there was no such study in this area, it was necessary to study the performance of Bandargaz wastewater plants. The treatment was started in 1996 with a capacity of treating 3100 m3/d wastewater per day, but now, after 14 years, it's efficacy has been decreased because of the factors such as, population growth, increasion of water consumption. So, the aim of this study was to determine the performance of aerated logoons and presenting methods for optimizing them with minimum costs.Method : In this analytical study, carried out in 13 months and terminated in February 2009 current status of plants with qualitative and quantitative parameters was assessed. Moreover, alternative options and also prioritizing them with the matrix method was carried out, according to the standard methods of water and wastewater, in Bandargaz waste water plants.Results: The results showed that present output for removing BOD, COD5 TSS, total coliform and fecal coliform were (76.8±2.2), (79±2.9), (76±2.6), (99.3±13.4), (99.16±10.6), respectively so not being acceptable. But in terms of microbial quality, if is something acceptable on the basis of WMO. The output status is favorable in winter but not in other seasons (a). In this study q different alternatives were proposeal four of which were chosen for optimization of the system: with assessment of effective parameters. extrimely score earned by 4 alternatives are: 1) introduction of new clarifier and converting the last clarifier to fl4.2) addition of new module with a change in the replacement of clarifier 3) converting facultative lagoon no1& 2 to complete mixed lagoon, 4) changing the process of the system to extended aeration with an increase in MLSS in lagoon CML and storing sludge in Fli.Conclusion: Analysis of the data indicates that despite positive effect of temperature on wastewater treatment, seepage water is the main cause for this process which is more effective in winter. There fore the following alternatives are important respectively. alternative5›alternative1›alternative2› alternative3

Background: Having knowledge of the existence of poisonous elements such as Arsenic and Cadmium in consuming water, especially drinking water, has been the point of attention of the health organizations and researchers. The allowed amount of arsenic and cadmium is 10 and 5 ug/l respectively. A small increase in the amount of these elements is considered to be the cause of carcinoma of the bladder, kidneys and skin as well as cardiovascular diseases. There are several methods for measuring these elements in water. The purpose of this study was to optimize the temperature parameters of furnace atomic absorption and to determine the Arsenic and Cadmium levels in the consuming water in Yazd by this optimized procedure.Methods: Twenty different samples of water were collected from drinking water and industrial network during the summer 2007. Eight water samples from the beginning of drinking water network, four from the and of drinking network and another from industrial consuming water were collected. The samples were promptly taken to the laboratory and their PH was fixed to less than 3 for the possibility of later measurement. Atomic absorption equipped with graphite furnace, in which standard solutions were put, was calibrated. A modifier was added to any element and then drying, ashing, atomizing and measuring the temperature for each element was optimized. Concentration of elements was carried out by optimized parameters.Results: Optimized temperatures of arsenic and Cadmium were 1400 and 2600 degree of centigrade. Arsenic and Cadmium averages for drinking water network were2.88±0.91and3.35 ±0.79 ug/l respectively. These for consuming water were 6.67±1.32 and 7.21±1.02 ug/l, respectively.Conclusion: According to this study, the amount of Arsenic and Cadmium present in Yazd drinking water was less that of maximum allowed but it is a little higher in industrial water. The amount of these elements was added during the distribution but the concentration was less than 10 ug/l and in comparison with other types of water it showed to be at the level of fresh water. Also graphite furnace atomic absorption with these optimized parameters had high accuracy for analyzing Arsenic and Cadmium in consuming water. So, it is recommended that these parameters when optimized be used in the water and wastewater chemical laboratory.

Background: Heavy metals are chemical permanent pollutants that they do not biodegrade like organic compounds. The high concentration of lead in lettuce can have harmful effect on health. The source of the lead in lettuce can be city industrial and domestic wastewater, agricultural waste and also air pollution for the lettuce near the roads. The lettuce has high capacity of store and absorption of lead.considering high consumption of lettuce, the control of lead in lettuce is very important for health. Method: In this study 20 samples of lettuce used in kerman in 2009 was provided. After preparation, the lead content of samples was measured by atomic absorption. All the tests were measured by standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater.Results: The mean concentration of lead in the lettuce imported from Dezfol Jahrom, Yazd and Varamin were 0.02, 0.05, 0.03, 0.07 (mg/g) respectively.Conclusion: The mean concentration of lead in all the citis was lower than WHO guideline.According to the results, the lead level in the lettuce of the countries such as Turkey and Kenya was higher than that of used in Kerman.

Background: Acute glomerulonephritis following streptococcal infection is a classical sample of acute nephritic syndrome and its diagnosis is usually clinical. The purpose of this study is the importance of long-term follow-up in these patients. Method: In a retrospective descriptive study, 56 subjects (younger than 15 years old) were studied from 2001 to 2006 in Yazd. The criteria for this study were hematuria, proteinuria, uremia, decreased serum complement, increase of creatinin and an evidence of positive reaction of Beta-hemolytic streptococcus group. The information was taken from the patients' files. The information from the studies of patients refering to the clinic was recorded in questionnaires.SPSS softwere was used to analyse the data and x2 was used to find the relation between the qualitaiue variables.Result: In all age groups, post streptococcal glomerulonephritis (PSGN) had the highest prevalence.There wasn' t any difference between the 2 sexes (male & female).The most common clinical symptoms were hematuria, edema, and oliguria. In the long-term follow-up, hypertention was not seen. Renal biopsy was performed for 2 patients with proteinuria and 4 patients with microscopic hematuria. Only one case of acute proliferative glomerulonephritis leading to dialysis and one case of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) were reported but other cases were reported as PSGN.Conclusion: In most patients, the diagnosis was based on clinical signs and biopsy was not performed. Clinical problems of the patients were resolved and the result of the treatment was favorable. If this disease is diagnosed and followed in primary acute phase, the prognosis will be highly favorable.