Razi Journal of Medical Sciences
Year:2016 | Volume:23 | Issue:145|Papers Count:18

Background: Many studies have shown that electromagnetic field (EMFs) decrease anxiety. In this study we studied the effect of low frequency electromagnet fields on decreasing the induced anxiety by histamine in mice.Methods: 32 male albino mice at the weight of 30gr were classified in 4 groups (n=8), and were injected histamine (5mg/kg) 3 group of them were exposed to electromagnetic field with 25, 50, 75HZ & frequency with intense 250mT for 10min before injection. After 5 minutes, anxiety signs in the 3 exposed groups were compared with control group.Results: Analysis showed a significant increase in OAT (open arm times, p<0.001) in 75 HZ and OAE (open arm entries) in 50 & 75 HZ (p<.005) as were measured in T-Maze.Conclusion: EMEs in low frequency can effect on induced anxiety by histamine.

Background: Neck and shoulders’ musculoskeletal disorders are the most common reported complaints in sitting occupations such as dentistry. These disorders, in addition topain, can cause the impairment of postural control mechanisms. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between the postural stability disorder and the forward head posture (FHP) in the dentists.Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 70 dentists from two dental centers in Tehran were investigated. Individual and job characteristics were collected by means of a questionnaire. The head position was examined with clinical testing of forward head posture. The Romberg equilibrium and its 3 modified tests were used to evaluate the static stability and the stepping test was applied to evaluate the dynamic stability. The Pearson's correlation coefficient and the independent t-test were used to examine the relationship of variables and to investigate the difference of stability variables between patients and healthy groups.Results: Based on results, 57.1% of studied dentists (n=40) were diagnosed as FHP patients. According to the results of the independent t-test, there were significant differences in the average of the holding time in the static stability tests and the deviation degrees from the normal range in the dynamic equilibrium test between FHP and healthy group (p<0.05).Conclusion: Observed differences between the results of stability tests in healthy and test groups confirm the hypothesis that FHP could has a negative effect on postural stability.

Background: Air pollution is one of the disadvantages of unsustainable development cause to short and long term sanitary effects without consideration of environment in addition to destruction of environment. Therefore، the present research was conducted with the purpose of quantifying and estimating of health endpoints related to SO2 pollutants in six cities (Tehran، Mashhad، Isfahan، Shiraz and Tabriz) by using AirQ model during 1390.Methods: At first، the raw data related to SO2 pollutant was received from environmental organizations of the under review cities. Then، according to WHO criterion and programming in Excel software، required parameter in AirQ tool was calculated and finally results are presented in tables for death.Results: the results showed that، annual average concentration of SO2 in Tehran، Mashhad، Shiraz، Isfahan، Tabriz and Urmia are 49، 31، 11، 12، 21 and 76 mg/m3 respectively. The maximum and minimum of accumulative cases of cardiovascular mortality attributed to SO2 is related to Urmia and Tabriz cities that were 89 cases with 5.64 attributable proportion and 32 cases with 0.91 attributable proportions respectively.Conclusion: The rate of air pollution in large cities of Iran is increased and become more intense day to day. Thus، this issue needs to pay more attention of officials and specialists for air pollution control.

Background: The aim of this study was to determine the effect of 8 weeks endurance training with L-NAME on Apelin in myocardial tissue and plasma glucose in elderly male rats.Methods: For this purpose, 24 elderly wistar rats with average age of 20 months old, purchased from Razi Institute and transferred to Research Center were randomly divided into four groups: 1. control, 2. training, 3.training and L-NAME and 4. L-NAME. Training protocol was performed for 8 weeks and 5 days a week with 75-80% VO2max. All rats were sacrificed 72 hours after the final training session and after 24 hours of fasting myocardial tissue and plasma samples were collected and kept in -80 ºC. Also, Data was analyzed with One way ANOVA and Tucky test, with p<0.05.Results: Results of one-way ANOVA showed a significant difference between the groups in myocardial tissue Apelin (p=0.003). Also, the results showed no significant difference between the levels of glucose groups (p=0.157).Conclusion: It is likely that a combination of endurance training and the inhibition of nitric oxide change Apelin levels of myocardial tissue.

Background: Urinary tract infections are very common diseases in children and Escherichia coli (E. coli) is considered as the main cause of urinary tract infections. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of antibiotic-resistant microbial species in urinary tract infection of children between 1992-2013 due to increasing consumption and resistance antimicrobial agents that used commonly.Methods: In this study, from 1992 to 2013, all patients with urinary tract infection between 2 month and under 15 years of age were enrolled.Results: The age ranged from 2 months to 15 years with an average of 3.57-3.92 years. E. coli was the most common uropathogen in 253 patients (73.4%), Klebsiella in 57 patients (24.8%) Pseudomonas in 9 patients (2.6%), Proteus in 7 patients (3%), Acinetobacter and Enterobacter each in 1 patient (0.3%) respectively. Most of the isolates were resistant to ampicillin (64.5%), and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (61.5%). Most of the strains were susceptible to amikacin, nitrofurantoin and Ciprofloxacin (respective susceptibility rates, 90%, 84.5, and 72%). During this period, a significant decrease in sensitivity was observed for ampicillin, cefotaxime and nalidixic acid (p<0.001).Conclusion: These data suggest that trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole may no longer be used as empirical treatment for community-acquired UTI. In order to preserve the activity of fluoroquinolones for future years, alternatives such as nitrofurantoin should be considered.

Background: In Iran, bread is mainly baked from flours with high extraction rate and low fermentation time that results in increasing amount of phytic acid causing low absorption and bioavailability of important minerals in the body. In this study, effect of baker’s yeast and several lactic acid bacteria on phytic acid of baguette bread is compared.Methods: Two groupes of dough samples were provided (with yeast, without yeast). To each ones, bacterial suspension containing 108cfu/g Lactobacillus strains was inoculated separately and held for 20 hours at 37 °C. After baking, the amount of phytic acid in each two groupes of samples evaluated and compared together. Phytic acid content was determined by spectrophotometric method (the total phosphorus content was determined using the Molybdovanadate Method).Results: In the first group of dough samples (with yeast), the means of phytic acid content in sourdough lactic acid bacteria were 138.84±1.16 (fermentum), 126.22±1.47 (acidophilus), 148.31±1.09 (casei) and 129.37±0.64 (plantarum) mg per 100g, respectively. In the second group of dough samples (without yeast), the means of phytic acid content in sourdough lactic acid bacteria were 268.22±2.03 (fermentum), 255.60±2.03 (acidophilus), 274.53±0.62 (casei) and 261.91±0.78 (plantarum) mg per 100g, respectively. The results showed that yeast and lactic acid bacteria have a significant effect on reducing the amount of phytic acid (p˂0.001).Conclusion: Baker’s yeast and lactic acid bacteria, significantly reduced levels of phytic acid of baguette bread.

Background: Nowadays some local combinations such as lidocaine prilocaine cream (EMLA) are used to reduce pain in small surgeries. So the aim of this study was to compare the efficacy of EMLA cream and lidocaine injection to reduce pain during episiotomy repair.Methods: This randomized clinical trial was conducted on 46 primiparous women with normal pregnancy and gestational age of more than 37 weeks, who referred for normal vaginal delivery. They randomly divided into two groups. In one group, 5 g of EMLA cream was applied to perineal mediolateral incision before and after delivery for episiotomy incision and for its repair. Lidocaine 2% was used in another group, too. The two groups were compared in terms of the characteristics of patients, the pain during repairing based on the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) and satisfaction with repairing method.Results: The mean (SD) duration of episiotomy repair and pain during repairing was 26±10 and 4.2±2.3 cm, respectively and only 8 people (19%) were in need of further analgesia. Forty women (97%) were partially or fully satisfied with their episiotomy repair. No infection was found at the episiotomy site. Comparing the two groups of EMLA and lidocaine, there was no difference between the two groups in terms of the demographic characteristics, labor characteristics, duration of episiotomy repair, need for further analgesia, pain on the VAS and satisfaction with the repair method.Conclusion: The use of EMLA cream at the site of episiotomy incision in primiparous women with normal vaginal delivery can induce a level of analgesia equal to that of lidocaine.

Backgound and Objectives: Nowadats، it is very common to investigate the effect of a new method or medicine by using a comparison between two independent groups in many clinical studies، but unfortunately the sample size part has not been done based on scientific formulas but on practical issues in some researches of this type of cinical studies، and this makes some unreliable results. Therefore، this paper studies how to obtain the sample size for binary data when the research aim is to compare two independent groups، and some tables are prepared to reach this aim.Methods: In this applied study، how to obtain the sample size for binary data to compare two proportions is studied. Chi-square test and exact Fisher test as well as chi-square test with yates correction are used in this paper، and some formulas and tables are presented to the aim of calculating the sample size with the significant level of 0.05 and power of 80% and 90%. SAS 9.2 is used to obtain the sample size in different scenarios.Findings: Some applied and medical examples are presented to get familiar with the right way of obtaining the sample size، and it is argued how to use the formulas and tables to calculate the minimum size of an appropriate sample.Conclusion: it is strongly suggested to use the formulas and tables presented at this paper to obtain the appropriate sample size in such researches that their study plan is based on the comparison of two independent groups with binary data.

Background: Injuries to the musculoskeletal system are common, debilitating and expensive. In many cases, healing is imperfect, which leads to chronic impairment. Gene transfer might improve repair and regeneration at sites of injury by enabling the local, sustained and potentially regulated expression of therapeutic gene products; such products include morphogens, growth factors and anti-inflammatory agents. Proteins produced endogenously as a result of gene transfer are nascent molecules that have undergone post-translational modification. In addition, gene transfer offers particular advantages for the delivery of products with an intracellular site of action, such as transcription factors and noncoding RNAs, and proteins that need to be inserted into a cell compartment, such as a membrane. Transgenes can be delivered by viral or nonviral vectors via in vivo or ex vivo protocols using progenitor or differentiated cells. The first gene transfer clinical trials for osteoarthritis and cartilage repair have already been completed. Various bone-healing protocols are at an advanced stage of development, including studies with large animals that could lead to human trials. Other applications in the repair and regeneration of skeletal muscle, intervertebral disc, meniscus, ligament and tendon are in preclinical development. In addition to scientific, medical and safety considerations, clinical translation is constrained by social, financial and logistical issues.

Background: Many studies have shown that electromagnetic field (EMFs) decrease anxiety. In this study we studied the effect of low frequency electromagnet fields on decreasing the induced anxiety by histamine in mice.Methods: 32 male albino mice at the weight of 30gr were classified in 4 groups (n=8), and were injected histamine (5mg/kg) 3 group of them were exposed to electromagnetic field with 25, 50, 75HZ & frequency with intense 250μT for 10min before injection. After 5 minutes, anxiety signs in the 3 exposed groups were compared with control group.Results: Analysis showed a significant increase in OAT (open arm times, p<0.001) in 75 HZ and OAE (open arm entries) in 50 & 75 HZ (p<.005) as were measured in T-Maze.Conclusion: EMEs in low frequency can effect on induced anxiety by histamine.

Background: The phenomenon of street children is a bio psychological and social issue that not only is damaging to children but also endangers community health. Along with health programs and policies of our country, recognizing the challenges for designing optimal programs and providing appropriate services are necessary. This paper discusses the main issues and challenges of street children’s health and, also, health policy and guidelines for this population.Methods: This was a review study in which literature was gathered from databases such as Pubmed, Medline, Cochran library, Emro, WHO, Iranmedex, SID and Google scholar using keywords including: street children, health, challenges, policy, health policy making. The search in these databases resulted in 84 sources of which 47 were selected as the most appropriate ones in terms of coverage. All data published during 2002-2015 were included.Results: The key concepts in this study are as follows: “street children and their health issue”, “health policy”, “solutions for improving street children conditions”, “health policy approaches to street children’s health”, “strategies of World Health Organization”, and “social support programs for street children”. Precise identification of the relevant information makes planning more effective in health policy making for this group of children.Conclusion: The phenomenon of street children is a growing problem with a worldwide strand that has become a major concern in many countries including Iran. To reform health programs and policy for street children, the results of the present study can be helpful to identify measures needed for making better use of research findings.

Background: Having precisely analyzed the data of patients with specific diseases we can obtain the patterns and knowledge of these disease or even specific characteristics of patients. A hypothesis is usually considered in medical studies when some data are gathered prospectively to prove or deny this hypothesis, but in many cases there may be relationships between the data of the patients which have never been attended and no hypothesis has been considered. Thus, in this study available hidden patterns in the data of patients with tuberculosis have been discovered.Methods: Data of the study included 600 patients with tuberculosis who had referred to Masih Daneshvari hospital of Tehran. Data were gathered by reading patients files and observing clinical tests of patients from hospital data system. APPIRIORI data mining technique and WEKA tool of data mining were utilized to discover the associative relationships of the data.Results: Hypertension diseases, diabetes insipidus and ischemic heart disease have had the most frequency in patients with tuberculosis. Patients with diabetes insipidus or night sweats had also experienced chronic cough. Patients who have had weight loss and had BK+ test one result, had also experienced chronic cough. Patients who have been coughing up blood and had BK+ sputum tests (3), had also experienced chronic cough. Male patients who had night sweats, had also experienced weight loss. Patients who have had weight loss and fever, had also experienced night sweats.Conclusion: Discovered rules can be considered as primary hypothesis for the upcoming studies especially those of clinical trials, In addition to this, physicians can use these rules to analyze the clinical condition of patients.

Background: Due to the increasing cost of health care and resource limitations, this section requires calculating costs in order to make informed decisions as a management tool for the evaluation of health care service. This study was aimed to estimate the cost of PACS using “Step- Down” method in Shahid Motahari & Emam Reza Polyclinics-Shiraz in the first six months of 2014.Methods: This practical research was done by descriptive method in a Cross-sectional and retrospective form during the year 2013. Data was collected through direct observation, information sheets of hospital and by interviewing with radiologists and administrative staff. After gathering data, using step down costing method, the unit costs of PACS in these centers in the first six month of 1393, (2014) were calculated by using an Excel software.Results: According to the findings, equipment cost was1467174808 that involved 90% from total costs of PACS implementation which is the highest share of costs. Current cost was 160889198 that obtained 10% of costs. PACS cost per graph was 107109 Rials.Conclusion: Based on the research findings, through improving performance especially by training personnel, the unique advantages of tele-radiology can be used by implementation of this system.

Background: Knowledge of the outcome of substance abuse on clinical-hospital characteristics in patients with Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) can be useful in preventing from long term complications. Therefore, this research was conducted to study the interactive effects of TBI and substance abuse on Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) and Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS).Methods: 185 TBI patients with mean age 37.46±17.42 year were selected by consecutive sampling and divided in two groups of with (n=35) and without substance abuse (n=150) in emergency & neurosurgery and Intensive Care Unit (ICU) ward of Rasht Poursina Hospital. They were evaluated using GCS on admission and 72 hour later and GOS. Data were analyzed using MANCOVA and T student tests. SPSS v. 20 was also used in data analysis.Results: Multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA) showed that there was significant difference between the two groups of TBI patients with and without substance abuse according to GCS on admission (p=0.006) and 72 hour (p=0.005); so that patients with substance abuse had lower scores in both factors. In the meantime, the independent t-test results also showed that TBI patients with substance abuse had lower GOS than the other group (p=0.038).Conclusion: The present study highlighted the serious effects of substance abuse on reduction of GCS and GOS scores in TBI patients. The clinical implications of this study are discussed here.