JOURNAL OF LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE FACULTY OF LETTERS AND HUMANITIES
Year:2000 | Volume:33 | Issue:1-2|Papers Count:32

The fact that all children all over the world acquire their native language through more or less the same processes during the first few years after birth, may be considered as evidence to assume that they are all programmed to language acquisition by birth. Accordingly, they subconsciously internalize a common knowledge about the language of the environment which they use in speech production and perception as well as in organizing their thoughts and also in some other functions during all their lives. According to Universal Grammar (UG) theory, only by the assumption that some universal principles and features are inherited by the child through birth, the natural process of child language acquisition may be explained adequately. In this article language acquisition as evidence for UG is revisited with some specific reference to the Persian language data.

The verb Ast (infinitive Astan) has been transformed several times during different times. But it has always been debatable whether Ast is prefect tense or past. If either one is correct, then what is the other modality? This paper cites several modalities of the verb to be and a trajectory of the infinitive astan is demonstrated. In the long run, the writer states this view that Ast and Astan both denoting present tense derive from another verb, Istadan. To illustrate this point several examples from Modern Persian and Old Persian are cited to display the function of Istadan in place of Boodan.

Craufmann's paramount contribution is the concept of role distance'. He has rendered invaluable research on' role distance', foreground, background, and the third space which is neither foreground nor background rather a lacus where human beings are situated as reality. He drives this point home analogically through a wooden stagecoach and demonstrates how the emerging 'role distance' and the individual make the individual refrain the role that she deems as the main task. Gaufmann then applies the results of playing with the wooden stagecoach to the professional aspects as well as other aspects of social life. One of his interesting ideas is his belief that in many cases there is a deep rift between what an individual should be (potential social identity) and what an individual actually is (actual social identity). For instance a toilet cleaner has a tendency to implicitly show that he can handle far more tasks. In Gaufinann's view all human beings suffer from these rifts between what they are and what they should be. He calls this distance as 'stigma'. As he puts it, we all bear this stigma.

The geometry of imagination and thought are important tools to acquire knowledge. Human beings have always deployed these two significant tools to get an understanding of the macrocosm and microcosm. These two factors have been incorporated and well utilized to achieve a proper appreciation of these profound entities. This essay engages the strong links between knowledge and art by nature and struchire. There are samples of Hafiz poetry to the demonstrates the marriage of thoughts and the geometr-v of imagination as well to depict the mathematical relationship between their thought patterns.

The Holy Quran, the holy book of two billion people across the globe has been translated into most languages. To translate this holy text, the translator must not only master the source and target languages, but must also understand the Quranic stylistics as well as the purpose of each and every verse. The translator must also have a firm conviction in the Quran as a divine text. In this article, the writer examines various French translations of one of the verses of the Quran, showing the weak and strong oints of each translation.

congeries is a literary term that has not been sufficiently exhausted. This article annalyzes this literary term the esthetics involved along with a study of the views of the rhetoricians.

Should a scholar patiently examine the Khaqani Divan,s he would notice the following issues therein: a. Utilir,ation of a wide range of scientific terms. b. Interest in finding and applying novel imageries. c. Eagerness to apply rhythm and rhyme d. Applying unfamiliar terms e. self praise and self centeredness, etc... The present study engages with these issues in their entirety. I foreshadowed in the essay published in the special issue for the commemoration of the late Dr. Gholamhossein Yousefi to return to the poet of Shervan and complement the study of Khaqani already started. I am glad to seize this opportunity' to continue this enterprise in my paper "Another View of Khaqani". This would be both a bridge between past and present as well as to do justice to the poet. The main thrust of this paper is to gauge the poetics of Kaqani's poetry from different perspectives.

This article is a study of the underpinnings of the rise of Mardavij Ziari and his exploits through which he lost his life, a reflection on the short life of a man who initiated an important yet abortive movement given the social circumstances and his lack of proper understanding of the political climate and sufficient planning. Iranians endeavored to put an end to the Arabs' hegemonic domination in various ways and forms while the openly hostile Umayyads and the hypocritical Abbasids were intent on exterminating Iranians. The people of Deilam and Tabaristan, given their social traits and habits, are reputed as freedom lovers and defied the Arabs. They were so committed to defying enemy that every local ruler endeavored to defend the land against any invasion. However, their hospitality paved the way for the AIavids' influence which in turn led to the natives' conversion to Islam. Yet their attachments to the past remained intact. Furthermore, opposing the caliphate which was supported by the AIavids was a fresh anti-Arab sentiment that eventually led to the emergence of the tWo uynasties: Al Ziar and AI Booyeh each left an impressive imprint on the territories under the Abbasids' sovereignty.

The present work is on the functional aspect of the figurative language in the autonomous Persian language and the possibility of deploying the same process in a literary context. To achieve the projected goal first a literature review of the figurative language as reflected in tradition is conducted, then the prospect of the figurative language in literary studies is investigated. The varieties of the figurative speech are semantically examined in the tradition of this literary device. Next comes a review of this phase of the project. At the end a new description of the figurative language in literary context is suggested to determine the configuration of the figurative language from a semantic perspective.

Moones Nameh is a collection of stories, narratives and words of wisdom, a unique copy is extant in the British Museum. The author is Abu Bakr ibn Khosrow al-Ustad who todate remains anonymous yet in the preface refers to his other 6 writings. The book was composed during Atabak Nosratuddin Abu Bakr ibn Mohammad' nxle from the Azerbijan Atabaks and dedicated to him. The writer presents interesting views on the merits of the book in question and provides an account of the contents.

This article engages with the two important notions of culture and civilization and then proceeds to analyze the interelatedness of the Islamic, Iranian, and western cultures during Reza Shahs's rule. The Reza Shah period is one of the most important era of engagement between Islamic, western, and Iraruan cultures. Hence, the views and positioning of Mehdigholi Khan Mokhberolsaltaneh, the then Prime Minister are reviewed to shed light on the mechanism of this engagement.

In addition to investigating a variety of crimes most of which are drug-related, this article attempts to specify the density of the convicts across the city. For instance, a high percentage of the convicts reside in the poor neighborhoods in the north and northeast sections of the city. This research also studied the impact of the economic, ideological, poor education on the rise or fall of crime in different sections of the city.

The attempt to find a proper approach for rural development led me to carry out a preliminary research which is based on a broad field study data. The present study is an attempt to investigate the prospects of the rural communities. An outstanding feature of this survey is thaT for the first time it deeply engages with the issue of the nxral economic development. This research also concentrates on the diverse texture of the villages surrounding the city of Mashhad as well as the increasing level of contact and communication among them. The upshot is a series of suggestions to solve some problems and optimization focussing on the peculiarities and the economic fabric of each village. This survey first addresses the two notions of typology and development. Then it engages with the research goals, type of research, modality, sampling, data analysis, and some practical solutions.

Semantically lying means to conceal the truth, an enunciation that is purely subjective. Through lying the individual covers her/his weak points and misleads the addressee. In this way the individual gets away from punishment. This essay addresses lying in children and adults separately. Then proper strategies to the underpinnings of lying and the ways to prevent and treat it will be presented.

This article analyzes the research method deployed in the qualitative approach named action research. Action Research comprises of a set of systematic practices geared to answer the questions or find solutions. Through the research process a systematic linkage is constructed between the researcher and the object of research. In this connection the nature of methodology, the theoretical perspective, framework and the research methods are determined. Also, relations between the researcher and the object of research can be gauged through quantitative and qualitative approaches deployed in the research project. The quantitative approach in research, derived from the positivistic methodology is predicated on the quantitative methods (measurement, experimentation, quantitative analysis), while the qualitative approach relies on the critical-interpretative methodology and applies the qualitative methods (field study, ethnography, action research).

The title says it all! The point is that it is taken for granted that today the word order in Persian is subject+object+verb. This article addresses this issue that as in Avesta, Old Persian, Middle Persian, Dari Persian, Modern Persian and the colloquial speech as well as text,s like Aburnansuri's Moghaddemeh, Tarikh Sistan, and the works written by Balami, Beihaqi, Nasser Khosrow, Tazkeratolulia, Fih Ma Fih, Saadi's Gulistan, to Ale Ahmad, Dowlat Abadi in contemporary period, Persian has enjoyed a free word order throughout. The present work also sheds light on how the fixed, and indeed an unmarked structure has been imposed on the language and has been institutionalized thereafter. The writer contends that with such an unmarked word order not everything can be articulated. If Persian is going to have more capability, we should enliven the language through inspiration from the free structure of Persian in the above periods. The matter has been exhausted in the article. The writer has already taken up this approach in the works written by Nasser IQiosrow and Beihaqi and hopes that this proposal and the ongoing research would yield the projected goal.

Celebrating the ancient rituals is a repetition of the sacred archetypes, a materialization of them and a return to the sacred primordial time. Given that a ritual is a simple code through which an archetype is reiterated, no ritual should be held unless its origin and secrets are deciphered. Perhaps the mystic rites of the tree worshipping (the archetype of life and eterruty) is one of the most glorious rites amongst diverse races.

Abulhasan ibn Alheisam Al Boshanji is a noted scholar and historian in the fifth and sixth centuries. He wrote a book of general history in several volumes covering the period dating from creation to the present. Menhaj Seraj in Tabaghat Naseri calls it as Tarikh va Qisas. This book has been used in Tabaghat Nasseri on several occasions. Unfortunately not much is known of this book which almost certainly is in Arabic, but the section on the narratives about the divine prophets has been independently published and later translated into Persian. This book is extant as Boshanji's Qisas-alAnbia.

This article attempts to gauge the nature of the contributions that anthropology renders in urban studies. It also addresses the issues that anthropologists face in an urban setting. The present work also makes an assessment of urban studies in comparison with sociology. It also proposes this approach on the linkage between anthropology and the study of the urban settings. The present study, on par with urban sociology, also addresses the notions related to urban anthropology and the new findings regarding the anthropological approach in urban studies. This study also engages with the notion whether urban anthropology is any different from urban sociology or it is the same urban sociology with a new lable.

After the socia-economic changes that happened in western Europe after the Renaissance, the conditions necessary for the emergence of the middle class and later "national government" gradually evolved. This vigorous bourgeois class provided the means for the institutionalization of the "nation". But this raises the question whether the same situation prevailed in the Safavid Iran or immediately before that? The role of the Safavid rulers to promulgate Shi'ism as one of the pillars of national unity as well as resisting the Ottoman aggression and preserving Iran's historical and geographical integrity is a historical given. Later the foundation of Iran as an independent state was predicated upon these factors. But there is more to this. The writer endeavors to analyze the obstacles to the growth of capitalism in Iran through a rational understanding of the interplay between major economic, political, and economic factors in the Safavid era.

This article addresses primarily the common grounds between Iran and India in terms of their common Indo-European origins and the proximity between the Avestan languages and Sanskrit. The present study also deals with mythic characters like jamshid, Freidoon and his father AbtW who are mentioned in both Indian and Persian epic works as well as themes such as the holiness of the fire as reflected in Zoroastrianism and Vedic texts. For instance the marnage between the Sassanid king, Bahram Gur and Sepinood, daughter of the Indian king as reflected in the Ferdowsi's Shahnameh. These instances in toto indicate Iranians' interests in India. Furthermore, the present study engages with the cultural links between Iran and India fro time immemorial. Also, Kalileh va Demneh (Bidpay Stories), the first book during Sassanid rule translated from Sanskrit into Pahlavi, and later into Arabic and Dari Persian and its impact on Persian letters are discu.ssed. The proverbs pertaining to India quoted by the Iranian writers and poets are cited here. Also the reverence for India as seen in the works of Ferdowsi, Nasser Khosrow Ghobadiani, Sanaiee Ghaznavi, Saadi, Hafiz, as well as those of the poets of the Indian style like Orphi Shirazi, Naziri Neishaburi, Kaleem Kashani, Saeb Tabrizi are quoted here. The paper concludes with Bahar's lines on the splendor of ancient India.

It has been claimed that the history of translation in Iran is rather brief, barely dating back to one or two centuries. The main thrust of this paper is to show that the history of translation in Iran dates back to centuries before the birth of Christ. There are sources and documents available to drive this point home that in the course of our extended history translations have exposed our culture with a diversity of ideas, religions, philosophies, and mysticisms across other cultures. This exposure has engendered the peculiar Iranian tolerance. On the other hand, along with creating peaceful coex-istence and cultural integrity, it also turned our multicultural nation into a multilingual society.

While composing his valuable Mathnayvz Rumi did not intend to narrativize, rather he used tales to illustrate the hardships and labors involved in tarighat (the spiritual path). Most of the tales in Mathnawi belong to his contemporaries or those before him. The late Foroozanfar in his great book, The References of the Tales in Mathnawi introduces the sources of many of the tales in Mathnawi. This article is a comparative study of some tales with its antecedent sources and provides a fresh I perspective on the origins of these tales that could be of use to the readers of the six volumes of Mathnalvi.

Human knowledge can be divided into philosophical and intuitive knowledges. The intuitive knowledge is informed by esoteric experience that dates back to a long time ago and is of paranount value among the easterners. Mystics deem this branch as the most important component of human knowledge. This paper first analyzes intuitive knowledge or the religious experience upon which Rumi's views in this regard are cited. The writer then engages with the God's manifestations on the hearts of the believers, prophets, and the prefect humans as well as his manifestation in the world, love, unde:-standing the secret world and the latent mysteries.

For this project 100 male and 96 female Junior High students and 65 male 77 female High School students were selected to answer the motivational approach in the learning questionnaire in the academic year 1997-98 in the city of Tehran. The idea was to investigate the role of the self-disciplined learning factors to make an assesment of the educational achievement. First, the self-disciplined factors were analyzed in the sections on motivational beliefs and learning approaches. In the motivational beliefs section the three factors of exam anxiety, self-efficiency and internal assesment were scrutinized. In the learning approaches the three factors of high-level cognitive approach, low-level cognitive approach and self-discipline were studied. The research findings indicate that among the self-disciplined learning factors self eficiency, self-rganization are the most vital factors to anticipate educational achievement. Also we are led to believe that the correlation between other factors and the educational achievement is maintained through these two factors. Therefore it can be concluded that motivation and cognition (learning approaches) should be equally addressed in the learning process.

During 1982-1992 service business grew more markedly than exports with an annual growth rate of 19.5%, whereas the exports growth rate was 7.1%. Service business was 17% in 1980 whereas in 1993 it was 22%. Furthermore, most of the growth in the service sector grew out of the rapid growth of technology and a sense of awareness in industrialized countries. That's why the industialized copuntries and largely the United States tilted towards liberalization anf globalization of the services. Due to these extended efforts service business was one of the major items debated in the Uruguay talks of the WTO. As a result of these talks a framework was worked out to cater multilateral business. This article attempts to weigh the advantages and disadvantages that may arise from the WTO general agreements on service business that the Iranian service sector may face. It would also engage with the prerequisites for membership in each of the sectors.