JOURNAL OF LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE FACULTY OF LETTERS AND HUMANITIES
Year:2002 | Volume:35 | Issue:1-2|Papers Count:26

Ali Ahmad Saeed, known as Adonis, the Syrian contemporary poet, is a pioneering writer of modern Arabic ode, and inventor of "the whole qasideh." His poetry reflects the solitude of a man afflicted with pain in a world built upon worn-out systems, devoid of truth, ever fluctuating, instigating mans spirit to rebel. Adonis mythical poetry is a novel manifestation of these concepts and feelings, which reach their zenith in the image of the eternal martyrs.

Persian historical novel, though originated under the influence of its European counterparts in the chaotic circumstances of the constitutional government, it found its own structural, thematic and stylistic identity within several decades of its development, while it stayed relatively loyal to the traditional narrative conventions. The Persian historical novel is, in fact, a bridge connecting the literary traditions and modernity.

This article deals with the question of rhyme palilology in Hafiz poetry and the reasons giving rise to this phenomenon. While rhyme palilology has a fairly high frequency in Hafiz poetry, it rarely occurs in the poetry of previous poets or even the poetry of Hafiz contemporaries. In spite of the fact that palilology of rhyme was generally considered a fault in a poem in the period before the pre-Hindi style, it occurs frequently in the Hindi style, specially in the works of Saeb. And since many characteristics of Hindi style can be traced in Hafiz poetry, rhyme palilology can be attributed to Hafiz, specially because of the high frequency of the phenomenon in his work. The main reason why Hafiz used this technique was his change of opinion about rhyme. In fact, it may be claimed that Hafiz aesthetics of rhyme is to some extent different from that of other poets.

In the realm of ethics, self-applause is denounced as a disagreeable disposition, but in the realm of poetry, this is not the case as many great poets have written long poems in praise of their poetic art and have regarded themselves superior to their rivals, now defying them, now reprimanding them. This article concerns with one of the great Iranian poets, Khaghani, who is a good example of applauding poets.

To all those familiar with Persian literature, specially those charmed by Persian sonnets, it is quite evident that the beloveds of our poets bear a perfect resemblance and that the poets have used similar words and metaphors to describe them. The writer, like many others, used to think that this resemblance was the result of stereotyped images used by the poets and the limitations of the sonnet as a verse form in developing images and metaphors. The writer, however, having become familiar with the image of the goddess Anahita in the Iranian culture, advanced the theory that the characteristics attributed to Anahita have appeared in the description of Persian poets. Anahita, the writer maintains, is, in fact, the archetype of the poetical beloved of Persian poets.

Hojjat, literally divine proof or witness, was a title in Ismailism and the Persian poet Nasir Khosrow is believed, by Iranian and non-Iranian scholars alike, to have been appointed "Hojjat of Khorassan." It is, however, in his poetry only that he refers to himself as Hojjat, never using the word in any of his prose works, always referring to himself as "Abu Moeen Nasir ben Khosrow Ghobadiani." Is it possible, then, that Nasir Khosrow the poet has adopted the word as a pseudonym?

Creative writing depends for its impact on deviations from the norms of language use, but there are deviations and deviations. To show this difference, the writer of the present articles discusses two cases of verbal deviation from standard language use in literary works and analyses them from various aspects.

In this article the writer has discussed the question of samd, mystic audition, based on the poetry of Mowlavi and his disciples and followers as well as the views of those somehow affected by Mowlavi. The writer first defines samd, and explains its origin. Then she certain related discusses questions such as Mowlavis view of samd, the reason why Mowlavi was interested in samd, the religious injunction of samd, and, finally, the good of samd.

Traditionally, Persian poets and writers had to be well-versed in a number of sciences or at least have some information about certain sciences as the nature of their works necessitated. Traditional medicine is among the sciences that enriched Persian literature with its multitude of terms and concepts. Although, basically, the terms appeared in the literature of the fifth and sixth centuries, the writers and poets of subsequent centuries continued to use them. Once understandable to the common reader, the images and concepts taken from traditional medicine have now become obsolete and obscure. This article is an attempt to clarify certain medical terms appearing in some classical Persian poems.

The foreword of the great Mathnavi expresses, though briefly, all the basic ideas of the Islamic mysticism which has many things in common with the pre-Islamic gnosticism. In this article, the writer makes a comparison between the foreword and the pre-Islamic mystic ideas as an attempt to show that Islamic mysticism, which reached its height in the seventh century AH., is in fact the continuation of the general Gnostic ideas prevalent before Islam. To illustrate his point, the writer presents poems from Manichean psalms and other pre-Islamic mystic sources and shows the similarities between them and the foreword of the Mathnavi and some of the poems of Mowlavi. The gist of the article is that the seventh century mysticism had its roots in the pre-Islamic Christian-Manichean gnosticism.

The story of Joseph is one of the Quranic stories that Mowlavi has interpreted in his great Mathnavi. In this article, the writer, referring to certain symbolic aspects of the story, expresses his mystic, ethical and social views.

The early 19th century saw the emergence of Romanticism, a new literary movement which greatly affected literature in England, though for a brief period, as well as literature in Germany and other European countries. Writers associated with Romanticism are, in England, Coleridge, Wordsworth, in Germany, Goethe and Schiller, in France, Rousseau and Hugo. As a reaction against Classicism, Romanticism is characterized as follows: showing no adherence to the acceptable literary standards of the time, writing about national topics, placing the individual at the center of his or her own world, permitting the free expression of feeling and emotion, overcharging literature with imagination, indulging in the innocent world of childhood, expressing fear of the future, seeking refuge in death and expressing ones sorrows.

There are CV, CVC, CVCC, CCV, CCVC and CCVCC syllable structures in all Kurdish dialects spoken in the western parts of Iran. In some dialects, such as Mahabadi Kurdish, the CVCCC syllable structure is rarely observed. In the syllable structures with two consonants in their onsets, the second consonant can only be /y/ or /w/ and the consonants /l/, Ir/and /ŋ/ cannot occur in the onset of a syllable. There are no syllabic consonants in Kurdish but the vowels function as the peaks of syllables. Though various and different with respect to words and sounds, Kurdish dialects have the same syllabic structures. This may indicate the fact that, in the course of the development of languages, syllable structures are more persistent than words and sounds.

In this article, the writer uses contrastive linguistics as the most viable approach to teaching a foreign language, in this case, teaching Persian to Urdu speakers. To show the effectiveness of the method, the writer compares and contrasts the consonants, and the letters representing the consonants, of the two languages. The results, the writer maintains, indicate that the contrastive method is efficient in teaching various aspects of Persian to Urdu speakers.

When studying the art of moghabeleh, antithesis, as a branch of the science of rhetoric, we come across different and sometimes similar views of the scholars of rhetorics on the question. In this article, the writer explores the views of Ibn Abal Hadid, the renowned learned Sunni historian as expressed in his interpretation of the Nahj al-Balagheh, and as he has brought together all the various views expressed on the subject, the writer has classified them and summarized his views.

In this article the writer has defined translation in terms of the types of translation, such as verse translation, oral translation, literary translation, machine translation, limited translation, and in terms of the language structures, such as word-for-word translation, literal translation, semantic translation, free translation. The writer has then illustrated the latter types of translation with examples from the Quran. In his description, he has used linguistic concepts such as coherence, collocation, unit of translation, standard language, equivalence, word order, influence of the original language, omission, addition, etc.

Land constitutes the most fundamental pillar of urban development, a factor which is limited and scarce in cities, specially in metropolitan cities. Therefore, it is necessary to make the wisest use of it, hence land policy. Basically land policy, implemented by the government, concerns manners of controlling land, land planning, manner of land ownership, land price and the uses of land, specially within the framework of development. Each country pursues its own land policies. One such policy is to establish a land bank, a basic goal of which is to legally control supply and demand and, consequently, the price of land and the organized development of geographical districts and cities by controlling the use of land. The major purpose of this article is to study the role of land policy and land bank as an instrument of this policy in appropriate civil development.

Womens employment is a ray of hope promising active and continuous presence of women in the society. The writer of the present article tries to clarify, with emphasis on their employment status, the social position of Iranian women, who are now facing many barriers, in the various historical periods in our country.

The first development plan was implemented several decades ago in most developing countries, but there are yet no promising changes in the economic, specially the social, structures of these societies. One indication of such changes, and indeed of the success of the development plan, would be a radical shift of attitude toward the family size and the growth of population. This article, using data analysis, concerns with the question of institutionalization and adoption of the culture of population control and family planning in developing countries. The emphasis of the article is on the role of geography in providing appropriate solutions.

Universities can only develop and attain their educational goals when they run by efficient managers who, using appropriate management styles, can create a desirable atmosphere in which the staff, feeling responsible and motivated, can not only perform their duties well but show innovation as well. An efficient management style makes an optimal use of all the human, and financial resources as well as the equipment and spaces of the university. In this article, the writer has studied the management styles of the managers of Ferdowsi University based on the Y-X theory. The results indicate that the style of management has a bearing on the effectiveness of the staff. In this case, the X management style affects efficiency in a negative way while the Y style affects efficiency in a positive way.

The use of systemic analysis in geomorphologic researches, as an effective method, can help us achieve our desired results and aims. The present article concerns with the concepts and general evaluation of systemic analysis and its application in geomorphologic studies. It is specially concerned with various geomorphologic systems and the concept of the threshold of action, which has been widely discussed in recent decades. To give a better understanding of the systemic analysis, the writer has presented geomorphologic examples in open systems. This clarifies better the relationship between the elements in each morphologic system. Thus the main purpose of the article is to discuss the following: a) the role of systemic analysis in geomorphologic studies and b) recognition of the thresholds of action in each geomorphologic system through a systemic approach.