RESEARCHES IN MYSTICAL LITERATURE GAWHAR-I GUYA)
Year:2007 | Volume:1 | Issue:1|Papers Count:11

The versified story of 'Ashkani Pahlavi Asoric Tree' which is a literary dispute is itself affected by different styles of the Sumerian and Babylonian disputes. There are more than seven versified stories from Sumerians. Also, in the Akkedian, Babelion, and Ashurian texts, one finds such a literary tradition. From such sources, this style was transferred to Pahlavi literary texts and from there it was transferred to the Arabic and Persian literature. Among the first literary disputes in Arabic, mention could be made of some of the works by 'Jahez Basri' (the third century) and in Persian, the versified stories of 'Asadi Toosi' (the fifth century).

For a long time, sciences such as embellishment, rhetoric, prosody, rhyme, etc. have been used as some criteria to judge the aesthetic aspects of the literary components as well as the evaluation of Farsi and Arabic prose and poetry to pave the way for some kind of systematic criticism. The deep and non-arguing influence of Farsi language and literature in the Indian sub-continent has caused the emergence of valuable works in different areas of poetry, theosophy, philosophy, grammar, lexicon, rhetoric, and so on. Unfortunately, some of these works are not known yet. In this paper, one of the above mentioned works -- 'Hadaeghal-Belaghe'-- a valuable Farsi rhetoric work written about 250 years ago in India, is studied in terms of the structure, importance, position, author's thoughts and fountainheads as well as the book's effects on later works. The book 'Hedaegh al-Belaghe' which is written by 'Shams al-Deen Faghir-e- Dehlavi' (1115-1183 A.H) in 1168 (A.H) was compiled in 5 'Hadighe' (gardens) as follows: rhetoric, embellishment, prosody and rhyme, mystery, and poetic plagiarism. Some outstanding features of the book are the author's vast knowledge about Farsi and Arabic literary and rhetorical figures, citing many Farsi examples, criticism and analysis of opinions and thoughts of the masters of rhetoric, and integration of rhetorical figures.

In the Complete Works of Hafez, corrected by 'Allameh Mohammad Qazvini', the following verse appears: "Mara va sarv-e chaman ra be khak-e rah neshand Zamaneh ta ghasab-e narges-e ghaba-ye to bast. " Although many scholars have discussed different aspects of this verse, the correct form of some words and the exact meaning of the verse is still hidden. This paper tries to clarify such aspects of the verse. Specially, regarding the opposite meanings of 'ghasab bastan', an attempt is made to propose a solution for the problem. In doing so, the writer benefits from some scholars' views as well as evidence from other verses by Hafez.

In the Persian eloquence, the imagination forms mainly comprise simile and metaphor. However, metonymy and irony as well are discussed under the same title. Although in Persian eloquence, rhetoric discusses such four important subjects, it is somewhat different in the western eloquence. The present study deals in brief with these four subjects.Although the word metonymy can be considered as the approximate equivalent of the word 'majaz' and in both languages it is perceived as a kind of change, the general perception of these two topics is different. As a case in point one could refer to differences between metonymy in Persian and English. Basically, there is no counterpart in English to what is called the interest and analogy in Persian eloquence. In simile and 'tashbih', more common points could be found. However, diverse categorizations of 'tashbih' cannot be found for simile. Although some categorizations could be considered similar (for example 'submerged simile' and 'tashbihe nahofte (hidden simile) is near to the "tashbih", the metaphor and "esteaareh" compared with other imagination forms have more points in common.Amongst the four types of diction techniques, irony and "kenayeh" nave more differences. Irony is mostly used with the intension of broadening, radicalization, satire and criticism and is often encountered in the structure of a play story. However, "kenayeh" is not simply used with the above said mtentions for irony but it has implications for more obvious expression of concepts. Also "kenayeh" is often limited to words and expressions while irony is mostly used in long stories and plays.

The conception and creation of eternal samples is one of the most evident efforts made by Man from the very beginning of human life when he observed death and mortality and found all the world's manifestations prone to collapse and destruction. One of the most significant images related to the concept of externality and immortality is circular symbols. In fact, Man has represented the conceptions of eternality by these symbols. This conception has been represented sometimes by mental images and sometimes by visible samples. One of the most important features of this symbols (as that of other symbols) is its floating state which has manifested itself in different ways. Sometimes it represents holiness, sometimes reproduces creation of the universe and some other times entangles with other things indicating identical concepts. In this study, efforts have been made to disclose the relationship between the circle and eternality's well as with other concepts.

Mirza Hadi Samarghandi' (1309-1246 AH/1830-1891 A.D.) is one of the poets in the thirteenth and the first half of fourteenth century (AH) (ninteenth century AD.) in Transoxania. The life period of this secluded poet is coincident with the rule of 'Ghonghorat Khan' in 'Kharazm', Manghit'in 'Bukhara', Ming'in 'Khoghand' and the 'Ghajar' rulers in Iran. The contradictory and sometimes incorrect information about the life and poetry of this poet has been the impetus for the present research. ID this article, the life and poetry of Mirza Hadi Samarghandi' is studied for the first time based on the Middle Asian sources in the following arrangement 1. introduction and background of the research; 2. biography; and 3. a critical look at his poetry.

Research methodology in any university field is a researcher's guide to achieve scientific facts and provided it is chosen properly, it could cause progress and innovation in that field. The purpose of this essay is to identify the type and features of research methods in some literary studies. In order to achieve this goal, after introducing various research types in the field of Persian language and literature, we emphasize that after identification of the type of research and its ethnology, a proper method should be chosen with regard to the goals and type of the research.Most studies in literature employ the qualitative research method. In qualitative studies, the researcher's aim is not to achieve universal facts or generalizing his/her findings. The aim is to describe and understand the phenomenon and finally construct models. In this method, it is emphasized that the researcher needs to make a close relationship with the text in order to obtain a deep understanding of the literary work and also should sympathize with the creator of that work.

'Resaleh Ghoshairieyyeh' is one of the most important resources in the Islamic mysticism which was written by 'Abolghasem Ghoshairie' during the fifth century of Hijra. This book was translated into Farsi by one of his students - 'Abou Ali Osmani' and edited by 'B. Forouzanfar'. It has been rare to translate manuscripts word-by-word as the tendency has been towards the free translation. Although 'Osmani' apparently has tried to be faithful to the text, his translation contains some errors. Some of the errors are corrected by 'Forouzanfar' but there are still many more cases of mistranslation. In this paper, we have studied four chapters: 'Tobeh', 'Vani', 'Zohd', and 'Khalvat', and have suggested more corrections and comments to the translation.

By using library research, the present paper studies' the signification and function of the structural elements and characteristics of words, as the most effective factors in the word choice of poetry. Every word has two important functions in poetry. On the one hand, the form of poetry is based on words. On the other hand, it is the tool for transferring the meaning of poetry. The phonetic aspect of the word alone produces two effects for poetry: 1- reinforcing the music of poetry formed by alliteration, pun, and other musical beauties that are the result of phonemes and phonetic clusters repetition; and 2- inducing meaning through phonemes. In addition, from the semantic point of view, words have important effects on poetry, because of their three kinds of meaning: implicit, explicit and figurative.

Today in the age of knowledge, those studies are considered scientific and worthwhile which in recede analysis and result in new knowledge. In this essay, by investigating more than 3450 Persian language and literature theses, it is suggested that they are mostly descriptive in nature and are limited to tabulating and classifying information. Some of the observed problems are: nonexistence of scientific and literary universalism; centralization on presenting literary information; nonexistence of an appropriate research proposal, design and methodology; working on general subjects; and finally repeating previous studies.