JOURNAL OF APPLIED EXERCISE PHYSIOLOGY (JOURNAL OF SPORTS SCIENCE)
Year:2019 | Volume:15 | Issue:29 |Papers Count:17

Background&Purpose: Parkinson’ s disease is a neurodegenerative disorder that is characterized by impairment on behavioral, cognitive and biochemical. This study investigated the effect of endurance training after the 6-OHDA induction, on PGC-1α , FNDC5 and BDNF expression. Methodology: In this study, Parkinson’ s rats were made by 8􀀁 g injection of 6-OHDA into the Medial Forebrain Bundle using stereotaxic. Experimental groups were: 1. Saline, 2. 6-OHDA, 3. Saline+training and 4. 6-OHDA+training (n=8). Training groups 2 weeks after surgery started 14 consecutive days treadmill running. 4 weeks after the induction with 6-OHDA/Saline, mRNA expression levels for PGC-1α , FNDC5 and BDNF were measured through one way ANOVA in the striatum of rats. Results: It was found that exposure to the 6-OHDA (6-OHDA group), resulted in increasing in the apomorphine-induced rotational asymmetry and significant decrease in mRNAs expression of PGC-1α /FNDC5/BDNF signalling pathway. However, endurance exercise in 6-OHDA+training group reduces these disorders, significantly (p≤ 0/05). Conclusion: It seems that the endurance training can reduce behavioral and physiological disorders in Parkinson’ s disease.

Background & Purpose: Body mass index and waist circumference do not distinguish subcutaneous fat from visceral fat, which is associated with high levels of cardiovascular dysfunction. The aim of present study was to evaluate the non-invasive respiratory fitness (CRF) in men and women in Isfahan and the possible relationship between the new indicators of abdominal obesity with CRF. Methodology: In a cross-sectional study on healthy subjects aged 25 to 65 years old in Isfahan, a total of 248 subjects were male and female with a mean age of 37. 31 ± 11. 39 men and 41. 99 ± 12. 91 men volunteered for the study. Abdominal obesity data includes ABSI, BAI, WHR, cardiopulmonary function (maximum oxygen consumption derived from step by step protocols, rocket and Bruce) and physiological (systolic and diastolic blood pressure) and heart rate were collected and analyzed. Results: The average number of daily steps in men and women was 6172 and 6341, respectively, which was lower in both groups than normal values. In contrast, visceral obesity indices were highly range than those in the same age group. In addition, pedometer Vo2max values were 30. 58 ± 10. 51, 59. 59 ± 91. 8 and Vo2max, respectively, were 38. 04 ± 14. 66, 43. 13 ± 13. 51, and Vo2max Bruce, and 32/45 ± 4/03, 44/26 ± 5/51 It was found that almost all body composition indices other than ABSI were negatively related to VO2max by stepby-step protocols and rocket protocols. Conclusion: Our data emphasizes the necessity to develop interventions to improve CRF and to prevent the increase of obesity. Longitudinal research will be required to confirm a potential link of causality between these variables.

Background and Purpose: Considering the positive effects of exercise in multiple sclerosis patients and the effect on the elements and components of the immune system and the lack of information in the field of combined training, The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of 12-week resistance and endurance training program on the serum levels BDNF, hematological factors and some immune system indices in women with multiple sclerosis Methodology: Twenty four 20-to-50-year-old women with multiple sclerosis and a disability level of 2-5 as measured by EDSS (Expanded Disability Status Scale) were randomly assigned to two groups of control (12 patients) and experimental (12 patients). The participants received exercise training three sessions a week for 12 weeks (two sessions of aerobic training and one session of resistance training). Results: The results showed a significant increase in Lymphocytes (p=0. 0001), Monocytes (p=0. 0001) and Neutrophils (p=0. 003) in the experimental group but there was no significant change in the number of platelets (p = 0. 19), red blood cells (p=0. 34), hematocrit (p=0. 08) and BDNF (p=0. 10). Also no significant changes was observed in the control group. Conclusions: The combined exercise training, including aerobic and resistance training, in three non-consecutive days per week is helpful for women with MS. However, it seems that a more intensive exercise training is more effective.

Background and purpose: The angiogenesis inhibitors and the pro angiogenesis factors are enhanced in diabetic patients; especially those are involved in exercise. The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of endurance training with moderate and high intensities on some angiogenesis factors in renal tissue of diabetic rats. Materials and Methods: Sixty male rats were divided into 6 groups (n=10 per group): Sedentary control (SC), Sedentary Diabetic (SD), Diabetic Moderate intensity training (DMT), Healthy Moderate intensity training (MT), Diabetic High intensity training (DHT) and Healthy High intensity training (HT). The exercise protocol performed 8 weeks of moderate and high intensity aerobic training, 5 sessions per week and 60 minutes per session. Results: Eight weeks of moderate and high intensity aerobic training significantly reduced blood glucose in diabetic rats, but this decrease was higher in the DMT group. Also, eight weeks of moderate and high intensity aerobic training in both diabetic groups significantly increased VEGF (P = 0. 002 and P = 0. 000, respectively) compared to the SD, but for VEGFR1 was observed only between DHT compared to SD (P = 0. 007). Conclusion: compared to high intensity aerobic training, moderate aerobic training results in a decrease in the levels of glucose and an increase in VEGF.

Background & Purpose: High intensity training as a new training method can cause physiological cardiac hypertrophy and cardio protection by different pathway. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the effect of two weeks of high intensity training on G-CSF, G-CSFR (CD114) and C-kit proteins in the myocardial of male rats. Methodology: 10 male Wistar rats (weight 23. 75 ± 8. 7 gr) were divided into two groups of control and training. The training group performed two weeks of high intensity training in four parts. First part included three days and every day were two training sessions and every session were 4 repetition two-minutes with speed of 35-40 m/min and three slow repetition were with speed of 25-30 m/min between two intense repetitions. Second part: two days training similar the first part in the repetitions number, but with the difference that intensity repetition increased to 40-45 m/min and slow repetition to 28-32 m/min. The third part included three days of training; the number of repetitions in this session was made up to 5-intensity repetition and 4 slow repetition with intensity of the second part. The fourth part included of two days of training, similar to the third part, but with the difference that number intensity and slow repetitions, one repetition increased. G-CSF, G-CSFR and C-Kit proteins were measured by western blot method. Results: Independent t-test showed that there was a significant increase in G-CSF and C-Kit in the training group (P≥ 0. 05). But, not significant difference in G-CSFR was shown between two groups. Conclusion: Therefore, it seems that even a short period of high intensity training with the increase of G-CSF and C-Kit levels can stimulate the formation of new myositis and this way activated the pathway of physiological cardiac hypertrophy and cardio protection.

Background &Purpose: The aim of present study was to investigate the effect of eight-week endurance training and diet on the expression of Pgc1α and Ucp1 in adipose tissue of obese and normal C57BL / 6 mice. Methodology: Accordingly, 48 male C57BL / 6 mice were randomly divided into two groups: high-fat diet group, low-fat diet group (12 weeks). Then, both obese and normal groups divided into four groups based on weight average: High-Fat diet Endurance (HF-E), High-Fat diet sedentary (HF-S), Low-Fat diet Endurance (LF-E), and Low-Fat diet sedentary (LF-S). Groups trained on treadmill for 8 weeks, 5 days a week, with 19 m/min for 45 minutes. 24h after the last training session, the mice were sacrificed. Subcutaneous and brown adipose tissue were isolated and frozen in liquid nitrogen to measure the expression of Pgc1α and Ucp1; using Q-PCR, for gene expression and two-way ANOVA (p˂ 0/05) as statistical analysis. Results: The results showed that the high-fat diet caused significant increase in Pgc1α levels in the subcutaneous adipose tissue, while obesity resulted in a significant decrease in it. Additionally, obesity and training resulted in a significant reduction of Pgc1α expression in the brown adipose tissue. Also, the expression of Ucp1 in the obese groups was significantly lower than in the normal groups (p˂ 0/05). Also it was found that Pgc1α and Ucp1 levels were decreased significantly in the subcutaneous and brown adipose tissues of obese, indicating disorders due to obesity. Conclusion: Training led to increase in the expression of Pgc1α and Ucp1 in the subcutaneous adipose tissue.

Background& Purpose: Maintenance of the core temperature requires additional energy for thermoregulation during and after exercise if environmental temperatures are outside the thermoneutral zone, either below (cold) or above (warmth/heat). The purpose of this study was to investigate the acute effect of interval exercise in temperate, warm and cold water on plasma levels of acylated ghrelin (AG) and peptide YY. Methodology: In this quasi-experimental study, 13 overweight young women were selected randomly and performed three sessions interval exercise at ~65% of VO2max for 40min in temperate, warm and cold water (24-25, 36. 5-37. 5 and 16. 5-17. 5° C respectively) on three separate days. Blood sampling was done before and after each session. Results: The AG level decreased significantly after exercise in temperate, warm and cold water (P≤ 0. 05). This peptide level also decreased significantly in cold water compared to warm water (P=0. 05), but there was no significant difference between temperate-warm and temperate-cold water (P>0. 05). The level of peptide YY increased significantly in temperate, warm and cold water (P≤ 0. 05), and this increase higher than in cold water compared to temperate water (P=0. 04), but there was no significant between clod-warm water and temperate-warm water (P>0. 05). Conclusions: It seem that exercise in water (independent of water temperature), due to decrease and increase the levels of appetite and anti-appetite hormones respectively, result in decrease appetite after exercise, but since the range of these changes was higher in cold water, it is expected that anti-appetite effects of exercise be more severe in cold water.

Background&Purpose: There is a low grade inflammatory state in patients with metabolic syndrome (Mets) with internalization into deeper body organs which had made its diagnosis even more difficult. However, the activities of ACHE and BCHE were found as early indicators of Mets in addition to be as reliable markers of such inflammation. Therefore, we investigated the effects of aerobic training on serum ACHE and BCHE activities and cardiometabolic risk factors in middle aged women with Mets. Methodology: The present study was an experimental study in which 25 volunteers (aged 40-65) who were volunteered for obesity with at least three indicators of metabolic syndrome were screened and randomly divided into experimental and control groups (12). The experimental group participated in the aerobic exercise program for walking and running (3 times a week) for 40 minutes and for 60 to 70 percent of maximum heart rate for 40 minutes. Data were analyzed by using t-test to compare the amount of acetylcholinesterase, butylcolinasease and metabolic syndrome indices between pre-test and post-test. Results: Following to aerobic training, the plasma HDL (P=0. 001) were increased and the serum BCHE activity (P=0. 008), blood sugar (P=0. 001), waist circumference (P=0. 001) and Mets Z score (P=0. 001) were decreased in the AT group. Conclusion: After the aerobic exercise, the values of the boolean polysaccharide (p = 0. 008), the high density lipoprotein (p = 0. 001), the blood glucose (p = 0. 0001), and the waist circumference (p = 0. 0001) and the z score of the metabolic syndrome (p = 0. 001) differed substantially. However, acetylcholinesterase (P = 0. 34), triglyceride (p = 0. 052), arterial blood pressure (p = 0. 15), number of risk factors of metabolic syndrome (p = 0. 054), after exercise were not significantly decreased.

Background&Purpose: Dipeptidyl peptidase‐ 4 (DPP4) is known to be an adipocin which associated with insulin resistance. Inhibition of DPP4 leading to increase the body's ability to control the blood glucose and increase fat oxidation. On the other hand, cinnamon stimulates the glucose uptake by activating the insulin receptor. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of High intensity interval training (HIIT) with supplementation of cinnamon on DPP4 concentration, insulin resistance, insulin, blood glucose, body fat percentage, BMI and Vo2max in overweight boys. Methodology: The subjects subjects (age range: 18-16 years, height: 162-172 cm, weight: 51-61 kg and BMI: 29-25 kg/m2) were purposefully selected and randomly divided into four groups: Training, training-supplementation, supplementation and control. Training and training-supplementation groups completed HIIT for 6 weeks and 3 day/week. Each training session included 3 HIIT (4 minutes at 90% reserve heart rate) with 2 minutes of rest. Subjects in training-supplementation and supplementation groups consumed 3 capsules daily containing 380 mg of cinnamon. The values of DPP4, insulin resistance, insulin, blood glucose, body fat percentage, BMI and Vo2max were evaluated 48 hours ago and after the training program. Tow-way ANOVA were used for statistical analyzes. Results: Significant decrease in the levels of DPP4 in training-supplementation (P = 0. 001) and training (P = 0. 004) groups, insulin resistance in training-supplementation (P = 0. 001) and training (P = 0. 001) groups, insulin in training-supplementation (P = 0. 005) and training (P = 0. 004) groups, glucose in training-supplementation (P = 0. 001) and training (P = 0. 002) groups and BMI values of training-supplementation (P = 0. 008) and training (P = 0. 001) groups was observed compared to supplementation and control groups. Also significant increase in the amounts of Vo2max was observed in training-supplementation (P = 0. 001) and training (P = 0. 001) groups compared to supplementation and control groups. Conclusion: It is recommended that HIIT to be used for decreasing in DPP4, insulin resistance, insulin, blood glucose, and improving the body composition and aerobic performance of overweight boys.

Background&Purpose: Autophagy has been introduced as a protective mechanisms in cell in recent years. Regarding to the changes induced in autophagy factors following an acute physical exercise. The purpose of this study was to investigate the changes in autophagy factors in time courses of acute exhaustive endurance exercise in Tibialis Anterior skeletal muscle of BALB/c mice. Methodology: Regarding the purpose of the study, 12 BALB/c mice were divided into two groups of exercise and control. Subjects were anatomized immediately and 12 hours after the end of the exercise session. The Real Time-PCR method was used to determine the expression of autophagy factors. Results: Independent t-test showed significant increases in autophagy activation immediately after exercise and significant decreases 12 hours following acute exhaustive endurance exercise (P≤ 0. 05). Conclusion: Our results proposed that significant increases induced in autophagy factors immediately after acute exhaustive exercise. Possible correlations between autophagy activation and changes in oxidative stress, some immunological factors and metabolic responses could be some of mechanisms of autophagy activation following acute exercise.

Background & Purpose: The Squat and Leg press exercises are methods that be used for lower limb muscular reinforcement. The aim of this study was to compare the effects of open versus closed kinetic chain exercise on the EMG activity of quadriceps femoris muscles during step descending. Methodology: Twenty healthy male students of between 20-28 years old were divided into two equal groups’ namely as squat group and leg press group. Squat and leg press groups underwent a 12 sessions of the Squat and Leg press exercises respectively. In synchronization with the EMG system, a Vicon motion analysis system (200 Hz) was used to separate the stance and swing phases. Measurements were repeated before and after the exercise program. Statistical analyses were done by independent and paired sample T tests. Alpha level was set at p<0. 05. Results: In Squat group, after the exercise training, during stance phase, the EMG activity of the left vastus medialis muscle was decreased (P=0. 040) significant. In Leg press group also, the EMG activity of the right vastus medialis in swing phase and the left vastus medialis muscle in both phases was decreased after the training program (p≤ 0. 05). Range of reduction of vastus medialis muscular activity in Leg press group was higher than that in Squat group (p=0. 050). Conclusion: Leg press exercise showed better outcome than the Squat for the strengthening of the vastus medialis muscle measured in step descending task. It is suggested to use Leg press exercise with abducted hip for selective strengthening of vastus medialis muscle.

Background and aim: Dynamic knee valgus (DKV) is an abnormal movement pattern that is characterized by excessive medial movement of knees during weight bearing activities. Reducing the strength of hip muscles is associated with an increase in knee valgus. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of plyometric exercises on strength of hip muscles in female with dynamic knee valgus. Methods: In this randomize controlled trial, 26 female with dynamic knee valgus were randomly assigned into experimental and control group. Hip extensor, abductor and external rotator strength have been measured using digital dynamometer. During 8 weeks, the experimental group participated in plyometric exercises, but the control group participated only in their routine training sessions. Data were analyzed by Mixed Repeated Measures ANOVA (p≤ . 05). Results: The results of study showed hip extensor (F=18. 367, P=0. 003), abductor (F=23. 271, P=0. 000) and external rotator (F=14. 631, P= 0. 001) was improved in experimental group compared to the control. Conclusion: The results of this study provide evidence of the positive effect of plyometric exercises on the hip strength in female athletes with dynamic knee valgus. Therefore, according to the results of this study, we can say that eight weeks of plyometric exercises in female athlete with knee dynamic valgus can decrease the modifiable risk factor of ACL injury.

Background & Purpose: Manipulating of training variables with the aim to augment muscle metabolic stress could result in muscle hypertrophy. The purpose of the current study was to present a lacto-resistance training method and to compare its effect on rectus femoris muscle hypertrophy with traditional resistance training. Methodology: Twenty-four male professional bodybuilders were randomly divided into three groups based on muscle cross-section area: lacto-resistance (n=8), traditional-resistance (n=8) and control (n=8). The comparison of metabolic stress between two types of exercise was done using monitoring blood lactate and urea following squat exercise. Muscle cross-section area and strength were measured by sonography and one repetition maximum (1RM), respectively, before and after 4 weeks of resistance training. Analysis of covariance was used to evaluate inter – and intra groups differences. Results: Compared to the baseline values, blood lactate levels significantly increased following squat exercise in both lacto-resistance (10. 76± 1. 35) and traditional– resistance (7. 70± 1. 16) groups, and the changes in blood lactate was significant between two groups (P˂ 0. 05). After 4 weeks of resistance training, the changes in rectus femoris muscle cross-section had a significant difference only in lacto-resistance group in comparison to its own baseline values (P˂ 0. 05) and the control group (P˂ 0. 05). Compared to the baseline values, 1RM measured in squat exercise significantly increased in both experimental groups (P˂ 0. 01), the difference between groups was significant, and lacto-resistance group had higher values than those from the traditional-resistance group (P˂ 0. 05). Conclusion: Compared to the traditional resistance training, Lacto-resistance training induces a higher metabolic stress and its effects on muscle hypertrophy and strength are more impressive.

Background & Purpose: The aim of this study was investigation of the effect of exercise intensity on accuracy of arterial CO2 pressure estimation from end tidal CO2 pressure. Methodology: Ten subjects were selected as samples. At first, the maximum oxygen consumption (VO2max) of each subject was obtained by performing progressive exercise protocol. Then, each subject performed three protocols with intensities of 30%, 50% and 70% of his own VO2max and duration of each exercise was 12-minute. Blood samples were taken during the rest, exercise and recovery periods, and data on respiratory gases were collected. Results: Correlation coefficient between PaCO2 and PaCO2pre and P value in exercise with intensities of 30%, 50% and 70% of VO2max were r = 0. 807, P=0. 001; r=0. 822, P= 0. 001 and r = 0. 552, P= 0. 003 respectively. The percentage of estimation error was higher in the intensity of 70% of VO2max than intensities of 30% and 50% of VO2max. Conclusion: Based on the findings of this study, it seems that the accuracy of prediction of arterial CO2 pressure from end tidal CO2 pressure is lower in high intensities exercise than low intensities exercise.