Applied Psychology
Year:2018 | Volume:11 | Issue:4 (44) |Papers Count:8

Aim: The research purpose was to develop a structural model of shame and guilt feelings based on parenting styles with mediating role of attachment styles. Method: Research method was correlational and statistical population was 124083 high school students in Tehran in the academic year 2016-17. Through a randomized multi-stage cluster sampling، of the regions 1، 2، 4، 6 & 16 and from every district two high schools and from each high school two classes were selected randomly. A sample of 420 participants، along with their parents، were selected among 10 schools on the basis of Gudagnoli and Waalsar criterion، 1998. The data was collected through Feelings of Shame and Guilt Questionnaire by Cohen، Wolf، Panter & Insko (2011)، Collins and Rid’ s Attachment Styles 1990، and Baumrind’ s Parenting Styles Questionnaire 1991. After deleting 26 incomplete questionnaires، data for 394 participants was analyzed. Results: The research findings revealed that the data provide a suitable fit for the proposed model. Indirect path coefficients of permissive parenting dimensions on guilt feeling through secure attachment (β =-0. 013، P= 0. 006)، authoritative parenting on guilt feeling through secure attachment (β = 0. 016، P= 0. 006)، permissive parenting on shame feeling through anxiety and avoidance attachment (β = 0. 656، P= 0. 017)، and authoritative parenting on shame feeling through anxiety and avoidance attachment (β = 0. 122، P= 0. 003) were significant. Conclusion: The education of the authoritative parenting style، which leads to the formation of a secure attachment style and consequently increases the adaptive emotion of guilt and reduces the feeling of shame، is recommended.

Aim: The purpose of the present study was to determine the effectiveness of group intervention of Psychodynamic Interpersonal versus Emotional-Focused Therapy on adolescent girls’ insecure attachment style. Method: Research method was experimental with control group and pre-test، post-test and follow-up design. The statistical population included 27641 adolescent girls aged 15-17 in 82 secondary high schools of Shiraz City in 2016-2017 academic year. Using random cluster sampling method، educational districts one and three were chosen، and seven high schools were selected from aforementioned districts. Afterward، according to research criteria، 45 adolescents who scored highest on the avoidance or ambivalence insecure attachment style، based on Collins and Read’ s Attachment Style Scale 1994 were randomly assigned to three groups. Tasca، Mikail & Hewitt’ s (2005) Psychodynamic Interpersonal Group Therapy in sixteen 90 minutes sessions، and Robinson، Maccague & Whissell’ s (2014) Emotional-Focused Group Therapy in eight 90 minutes sessions. Data were analyzed using repeated measure analysis of variance. Result: Results showed that، both interventions are effective on avoidance (F= 69. 86، P= 0. 001) and ambivalence (F= 52. 31، P= 0. 001) attachments but there was no significant difference between the effectiveness of the two groups. This effectiveness remained constant after a three month follow up. Nevertheless، the effect of psychodynamic intervention on avoidance attachment was more apparent. Conclusion: Since، Psychodynamic Interpersonal Therapy seems to have an effect on defective relationship patterns and Emotional-Focused therapy seems to help the regulation of emotional processing patterns and thus promote interpersonal functioning، both interventions can be used as effective methods to solve problems caused by insecure attachment in adolescent girls.

Aim: The aim of present study was to determine the effectiveness of rhythmic movement games on improving attachment and behavioral disorders in first and second grade elementary boy students. Method: This quasi-experimental study was conducted with a pretest-posttest experimental group design with a two-month follow-up. The target sample consisted of 20 students aged 7 to 9 years old and their mothers from a population of 210 students referred to the Babol Education Consultation Center in the academic year 2016-2017. After screening and completing questionnaires by mothers، the students who had the highest score in Attachment Problems and Behavioral Disorders Questionnaire Randolph (2004) and Wald Rutter Behavioral Disorder Parent Version (1994) along with their mothers were selected and randomly were assigned to two experimental and control groups. Rafee's Rhythmic Movement Games Educational Package (2013) was conducted for mothers and their children in the experimental group for 60 minutes once a week for 10 weeks and data were analyzed using mixed variance repeated measures. Results: Findings indicated a significant difference between the performance of the two groups in the symptoms of attachment problems (F= 5. 48، P= 0. 03)، and behavioral disorders (F= 9. 52، P= 0. 001)، in post-test and at two months after the cessation of sessions. Conclusion: It is argued that rhythmic movement games may facilitate the interaction between parent and child and thus may result in the improvement of behavior and increase brain development and positive imagination in children. Hence، therapists are advised to use this therapeutic approach to reduce attachment problems and behavioral disorders in children.

Aim: The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of acceptance and commitment therapy on insecure attachment، fear of intimacy، and social network addiction in teenagers with suicidal history. Methods: Research method was quasi-experimental with pretest، posttest، and control group and follow up. The statistical population (N = 94) were male and female adolescents referred to the emergency department of Imam Khomeini and Taleghani hospitals in the city of Kermanshah in western Iran for attempted suicide. Of these، using convenience sampling، 30 teenagers were selected and randomly assigned to an experimental group and a control group. Measurement tools were Hazan & Shaver’ s Attachment Styles 1987، Descutner and Thelen’ s Fear of Intimacy (1991)، Khajeh Ahmadi، Pouladi & Bahreini’ s Addiction to Social Networks Questionnaires (2016)، Hayes and Rose’ s Acceptance and Commitment Treatment Program 2008. The experimental group subjects received eight weekly 90-minute sessions of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy. Data gathered from questionnaires filled out by both groups were analyzed in three stages using mixed variance analysis with repeated measurement. Results: Findings showed that acceptance and commitment treatment had a significant effect on insecure attachments (F= 26. 10، P= 0. 001)، fear of intimacy (F= 18. 19، P= 0. 001)، and addiction to social networks (F= 26. 83، P= 0. 001) and this effect remained constant in the three-month follow-up phase. Conclusion: Since acceptance and commitment therapy leads to psychological flexibility and individual commitment to performing meaningful actions based on human values in life; it can be used as an effective intervention method for the treatment of psychological problems، including suicidal attempts in adolescents.

Aim: The aim of the present study was to determine the effectiveness of mother-child Transactional Analysis group therapy on attachment security in 6 to 10 year old boys suffering from oppositional defiant disorder. Method: This quasi-experimental study was conducted with a pretest-posttest design with three-month follow-up and statistical populations were 148 pre and primary school children who were referred to Khomein Education Counseling Center in the academic year 2016-2017. After screening، 24 students who had the highest scores in Gadow and Sprafkin، parent version of the Child Symptom Inventory (2007) and Waters’ s Attachment 1987 Q-Sort، were selected with their mothers and were randomly assigned to two experimental and control groups. Then Eric Berne's 1961 Transactional Analysis training treatment was conducted for mothers in the experimental group for 80 minutes once a week for 8 weeks. Data were analyzed using mixed variance repeated measures. Results: Findings indicated a significant difference between the performance of the two groups in the attachment security (F= 59. 20، P= 0. 001) and oppositional defiant disorder (F= 15. 42، P= 0. 001)، in post-test and after three months of follow up. Conclusion: Considering that transactional analysis training can increase mother-child interactions and security level of their attachment، it has important developmental consequences. So it seems in clinical situations with implementing these interventions and promotion of mental health of parents، positive and steady steps can be taken to reduce and relieve children's behavioral problems.

Aim: The purpose of this study was to determine cognitive emotion regulation and resiliency amount in female students addicted to the Internet and normal students. Method: The research method was descriptive causal-comparative and the statistic population of the study concluded of all second high school female students of Kashan city in the first semester of the 2015-2016 academic year with the quantity of 3402 subject. From among 20 schools، 5 schools، named Narges، Khadijeh Kobra، Fatemeh Zahra، Shahed and Amiralmomenin were selected with simple random sampling. Then 50 addicted to the internet and 50 normal student based on the offer of VanVoorhis & Morgan (2007) and score of Young Internet Addiction Test (1998) and also screen were selected. The study tools were Cognitive Emotion Regulation by Garnefski، Kraaij & Spinhoven (2001)، Connor-Davidson Resiliency Scale (2003) & Young internet addiction test (1998). After deletion of 10 distorted questionnaires and 2 outlier، data were analyzed using multivariable analysis of variance and t-test. Results: The findings showed that the difference between the two groups of addicted female to the Internet and normal in acceptance (F= 4. 378، P= 0. 039)، positive refocusing (F= 7. 311، P= 0. 008)، positive reappraisal (F= 15. 294، P= 0. 001)، putting into perspective (F= 7. 783، P= 0. 006)، self-blame (F= 13. 021، P= 0. 001)، rumination (F= 8. 019، P= 0. 006)، other-blame (F= 11. 635، P= 0. 001) and resiliency (t= 6. 912، P= 0. 001) is significant. Conclusion: It is suggested that parents and educators by training cognitive skills، emotion regulation and resiliency of during childhood prevent the possible harm such as internet addiction in adolescence and adulthood.

Aim: This study aimed to determine psychometric properties of the Persian version of Temporal Experience of Pleasure Scale. Method: Research method was evaluation using test development and the population consisted of 46000 students at universities of Shahed، Tehran، and the Islamic Azad-Medical Branch; 521 students were selected none randomly based on their availability. To determine the validity of the scale، construct validity was determined via exploratory as well as confirmatory factor analyses and convergent validity via calculating the correlation between the scale and Beck، Steer & Brown’ s Depression Inventory-II (1996) and the Social Phobia Inventory Connor، Davidson، Churchill، Sherwood، Foa، & Weisler (2000). The reliability of the scale was measured using Cronbach’ s alpha and test-retest coefficient. Results: Exploratory factor analysis suggested the emergence of three factors which were labelled consummators pleasure، abstract anticipatory pleasure and contextual anticipatory pleasure. Confirmatory factor analysis confirmed the three factor structure resulted from exploratory factor analysis and its superiority over the factor structure of the original version amongst Iranian sample (relative χ 2= 1. 47، GFI= 0. 94، AGFI= 0. 90، CFI= 0. 95، RMSEA= 0. 04). For total scale and three extracted factors، Cronbach alphas ranged from 0. 62 to 0. 82 and the test-retest reliability coefficients ranged from 0. 71 to 0. 93. TEPS showed significant، albeit weak، negative correlation with Beck’ s Depression Inventory-II (r=-0. 12، P= 0. 006) to (r=-0. 21، P= 0. 0001) and Connor’ s Social Phobia Inventory (r=-0. 13، P= 0. 002) to (r=-0. 21، P= 0. 0001). Conclusion: The Persian version of the Temporal Experience of Pleasure Scale has adequate reliability and validity and it can be used for Iranian population.