Iranian Journal of Field Crop Science
Year:2017 | Volume:48 | Issue:2 |Papers Count:30

Due to reduction the crops yield and yield components in water stress condition, a factorial experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with three replications to evaluate the effect of water deficite stress and growth improver materials on canola (Brassica napus L. ) yield and yield components in research greenhouse of Agricultural Faculty of TarbiatModares University. Treatments includes water deficit stress {Control (50% discharged available water) (S1), average stress (65% discharged available water) (S2) and sever stress (80% discharged available water) (S3)} and foliar application {Control (F1), distilled water (F2), calcium silicate (F3), Hexaconazole (F4), propiconazole (F5), and penconazole (F6)}. Results showed the highest of yield was related to S1F6 that showed 2. 1 gr higher than S2F1. Also S1F6 and S3F1 With more than 2-fold difference were the highest and the lowest of thousand seed weight. Also in S2, control and foliar application of F4 were the highest and the lowest of oil percentage respectively with 34. 4% difference. S1 and S2 with no significant difference were lower than control with a significant difference proximately 5. 8 μ mol co2 m-2 Leaf s-1 in photosynthesis rate. S1F2 and S3F1 were the highest and lowest stomatal conductivity with 0. 154 mol H2O m-2s-1 difference. Also S1F1 was the highest amount of intercellular Co2 concentration with 229 μ mol CO2 mol air-1 difference with S3F2. So foliar application of triazoles (penconazole) and calcium silicate somewhat reduces the water deficit stress damages. So foliar application of triazoles (penconazole) and calcium silicate somewhat reduces the water deficit stress damages.

In this study the relationships between transcription rate of two hypothetical transcription factors (WRKY and bZIP) and TYDC, BBE, COR, T6ODM, CODM, SODM, DBOX and NOS which are involved in benzylisoquinoline alkaloids biosynthesis in Papaver somniferum were surveyed. Sampling was performed during five developmental stages including rosette, bud initiation, pendulous bud, flowering and lancing. Investigated parts were root, bottom part of stem, leaf, upper part of stem, capsule wall and capsule content. The results showed that there were high degree of consistency among the transcription rate of WRKY and the other genes which are involved in benzylisoquinoline alkaloids biosynthesis specially TYDC. Since TYDC is one of the initial genes in benzylisoquinoline alkaloid pathway, it seems that WRKY affect the entire pathway by changing TYDC transcription rate. Surprisingly, a coordinate regulation was seen among transcription rate of bZIP and the genes involved in benzylisoquiniline biosynthetic pathway. Since the modulation of secondary metabolism and defense against pathogens have been respectively attributed to WRKY and bZIP functions and production of benzylisoquiniline alkaloids is related to defense against plant pathogens and avoiding UV injuries, it seems that the transcription rate of these transcription factors and benzylisoquiniline biosynthetic genes are closely related.

To determine the effect of intercropping maize with pearl millet on dry fodder yield and quality an experiment was conducted at research field of Agriculture and Natural Resources College of Tehran University in Karaj in 2011. The experiment designed in a randomized complete block with four replications. Intercropping treatments included replacement series of pearl millet 25%: 75% forage maize, pearl millet 50%: 50% forage maize, pearl millet 75%: 25% forage maize and augment series of pearl millet 20%: 100% forage maize, pearl millet 40%: 100% forage maize, forage maize 20%: 100% pearl millet, forage maize 40%: 100% pearl millet plus pure culture both forage maize and millet. The results showed that sum of two harvest times gave the highest forage yield of millet per plant (dry) from treatment combination of pearl millet 75%: 25% forage maize. Similarly, the highest maize forage yield per plant (dry) from treatment combination of pearl millet 75%: 25% forage, respectively. Different arrangement of intercropping on quality traits, dry mater digestibility, acid detergent fiber and water soluble carbohydrates fodder millet (second harvest) and quality traits dry mater digestibility, acid detergent fiber, total ash, water soluble carbohydrates and crude protein fodder maize put a significant effect. In the experiment, the maximum amount of land equivalent ratio in the dry forage makeup additive intercropping 20% corn: 100% millet with a 60% performance increase allocated.

To study the effect of water stress and zinc sulfate application method on maximum leaf area index, yield and yield components of sunflower, an experiment was conducted in 2014 at research station of Bu Ali Sina University as a randomized complete block design with split plot arrangement in three replications. Water stress in four levels (irrigation after 60, 90, 120 and 150 mm evaporation from A pan) was placed in main plots and zinc sulfate application methods (no application, foliar feeding, broadcasting and placement application) were placed as subplots. The results showed that the maximums of leaf area index, head weight, number of seeds per head and grain yield were achieved in low intensity of water stress levels (irrigation after 60 and 90 mm evaporation) plus foliar feeding of zinc sulfate. Nevertheless, at severe water stress conditions, there was not difference between application methods of zinc sulfate fertilizer on measured traits. However, the head diameter and biological yield in severe water stress level (irrigation after 150 mm evaporation) were higher in foliar zinc sulfate application versus other application forms. In this study, seed weight was only affected by water stress treatments and harvest index reduced by reduction in water availability. In this study zinc sulfate especially in foliar application and under water stress improved the most of measured traits and decreased water stress severity on them.

In order to study of interaction between mycorrhizae symbiosis, soil and foliar spary of Flomix on yield and yield components of corn (Zea may L. ), an experiment was carried out as factorial based on Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications in Agriculture Research Station of Shahrood University of Technology in 2014. The treatments included mycorrhizae symbiosis at 2 levels (non-application and application of mycorrhizae), foliar spray at 3 levels (non-application, once sprayed and twice sprayed) and soli spray at 3 levels (non-application, once soil application and twice soil application). Results showed that interaction between mycorrhizae symbiosis, soil and foliar spray of Flomix indicate a significant effect on forage yield, protein percent, grain P, chlorophyll a, b and relative water content traits. Also effect of mycorrhizae symbiosis+ foliar spray and foliar+ soil spray of Flomix was significant on colonization and increased this trait. Moreover, the result showed that interaction between mycorrhizae symbiosis and foliar spray indicate a significant effect on sugar solution and increased it. Mean comparisons showed treatment of none application of mycorrhizae+ once foliar spray+ none soil spray of Flomix increased the relative water content in compare with Application of mycorrhizae + twice foliar spray+ none soil spray.

In order to study the effects of water deficit stress and foliar application of ascorbic acid on some agronomic, physiologic and biochemical traits of corn, an experiment was conducted in research field of Agriculture Faculty of Islamic Azad University, Varamin Branch in Iran during 2014 growing season. The experimental design was laid out in a randomized complete block arranged in split plots with three replicates. Irrigation at four levels (normal irrigation according to the region, irrigation withholding at eight leafy stage, irrigation withholding at silking stage and irrigation withholding at eight leaf stage and silking stages) as the main factor and ascorbic acid foliar application at three levels (0, 50 and 100 ppm) as the sub-factor were allocated to main and sub plots, respectively. The results showed that irrigation withholding at different growth stages significantly decreased seed yield and biological yield, harvest index, oil and protein percentage, oil and protein yield, total chlorophyll content, increased proline content and superoxide dismutase activity in the leaves. Foliar application of ascorbic acid could prevent quantitative and qualitative yield loss and chlorophyll degradation. In addition, ascorbic acid foliar application decreased proline accumulation and superoxide dismutase activity in the leaves. In general, considering the qualitative and quantitative improvement in studied traits, it can be concluded that ascorbic acid application can scavenge reactive oxygen species and reduce antioxidant enzyme activity and proline accumulation, which in turn, leads to increased seed yield and quality with improving growth conditions.

To study the different irrigation treatments on agronomic characteristics of soybean with and without use of triazoles and calcium silicate, an experiment was conducted as split-plot factorial in a randomized complete block design with three replications at the Research Field of Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University. The results showed that three-way interaction among experimental factors significantly influenced all traits, except plant height. Under non-stressed conditions for L17 and under moderate stress for Williams, hexaconazole spraying caused maximum and minimum protein yield with more than fourflods differences between them. Calcium silicate spraying on Williams under non-and moderate-stressed conditions, with 0. 23 difference, showed most and least values of harvest index, respectively. Biological and seed yield under stress conditions decreased 9519 and 3328 kg/ha, respectively. According to the findings of these research, water deficit stress can cause reductions in values for quantitative traits and yield components of soybean, and under stress conditions, spraying admendatory materials can mitigate the harm of stress and increase the crop tolerance. Considering different response of soybean cultivars tested in terms of oil yield to spraying under varios conditions, it can be noted that penconazole and calcium silicate spraying on Williams under non-stressed conditions, and penconazole and hexaconazole spraying on L17 under moderate-and severe stressed conditions, exhibited higher efficiency in increasing oil yield.

The sustainability performance of 20 soybean genotypes, in four regions of Iran (Karaj, Gorgan, Khorramabad and Moghan) assessed in a randomized complete block design with four replications. The measured traits included the number of days from sowing to flowering, pod formation, filling and full grain maturity, plant height (cm), node numbers on stems, seed yield per plant (g), 100 grain weight (g), number of branches, number of pods as well as seed yield (kg per ha). Results revealed that the genotypes described 13. 46% and the environment defined 56. 02% of the total sum squares, while genotype × environment accounted for 30. 52% of the variability that was about 2. 5 times of the amount caused by genotype changes. This showed the fundamental differences among the genotypes in response to environment. Environment and genotype significant differences revealed the genotypes variances throughout the environment test. In order to analyze the interaction of genotype × environment using AMMI, the principal component analysis was performed on the remaining matrix, in which the first and second main components were significant at 1% level. The first main component (IPCA1) allocated 56. 56% and the second component (IPCA2) assigned 31. 11% of the sum of squares of the interaction, that make up a total of 87. 67% of the sum of squares of mutual explained. The lowest soybean yield was related to Gorgan region, and the stability parameter value (AMMI1) was belonged to genotypes 5, 15, 18 and 13 with 2676. 6, 2545. 2, 2610. 924, 2575. 4 seed yield Kg ha-1, respectively and these genotypes announced as the best ones.

To study genetic diversity of some agronomic traits and the effect of salt stress on these characters, 100 oily sunflower inbred lines coming from different regions of world was investigated under normal and salt (8 dS/m) stress conditions with randomized complete block design with three replications outside the greenhouse in an open air area. Analysis of variance showed significant differences among lines for all studied traits, indicating the existence of genetic variation among genotypes. The highest coefficient of genetic variation was observed for head dried weight, seed yield per plant and the lowest one for days to flowering in both stressed and non-stressed conditions. The results of correlation analysis revealed significant and positive correlation between seed yield per plant with most of the studied traits in both stressed conditions. Stepwise regression analysis revealed that under salt stress conditions, 40. 3 percent of seed yield per plant variation was determined by head diameter, 100 seed weight, bottom leaf length, leaf number, bottom petiole length, upper leaf width and chlorophyll rate and in normal conditions, 30. 3 of seed yield per plant variation was explained by head diameter, 100 seed weight and plant height. Cluster analysis grouped lines into 6 clusters in normal and 5 clusters in salt stress conditions but the distribution of lines within groups were different depending to stress environments that present the genetic variability for salt tolerance in sunflower lines. Lines 6, 11, 13 and 70 had the highest yield per plant under normal and salt stress conditions.

In spite of the fact that Tribulus terrestris is known as a spring weed but it has a significant input in the medicinal industries, so studying its different developmental stages of the plant will be useful for management of fields to produce it. In order to study the cardinal temperatures, a laboratory study was conducted to investigate the effect of different temperatures on seed germination of Tribulus terrestris in a completely randomized design with three replications. Various constant temperatures (5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35 and 40º C) were considered. The germinated seeds were counted everyday and the rate of germination and germination percentage, normal seedling and cardinal temperatures of Tribulus terrestris were measured. Cardinal temperatures of seed germination were estimated by using three regression models including dent-like, segmented and beta models. The effects of temperatures on rate and percentage of germination and normal seedling were significant. The highest germination rates were detected at 30 º C and the highest germination percentage and normal seedling were detected at 20 and 25 º C. The best model for estimating cardinal temperatures was dent-like mode. The base temperature, optimal temperatures and ceiling temperature were, 8, 25, 30. 8 and 37 ° C, respectively.

A field study was carried out in Fars agricultural research center to investigate effects of different tillage systems and chemical control on soil seedbank density and management of wild barley in wheat fields followed by corn. A split-plot trial based on randomized complete block design with six replications was conducted during two following years (2012-2014). Main plots included conventional tillage (CT), minimum tillage (MT) and no-tillage (NT). Each main plot was split into two subplots as weed-infested and herbicide application. Total (Sulfosulfuron 75% + metsulfuron methyl 5%) at 40 g/ha was applied in wheat field at the stage 32 of Zadoks decimal code. Results indicated that soil seedbank density of wild barley was significantly increased in CT, MT and NT respectively during two years. Moaldboard plough influenced vertical distribution and longevity of seeds in soil. Increasing soil seedbank lead to enhance seedling, spike number and dry weight of wild barley. Wheat yield in CT decreased significantly in comparison to MT due to high density of weed seedbank. Overall, MT system with herbicide got long-term wild barley management. This treatment reduced soil seedbank and increased wheat yield significantly in comparison to CT and MT.

No-tillage managed approach with the proper crop sequence can provide more moisture and nutrients necessary for the plant in water stressed conditions. This experiment was conducted in 2013-15 cropping years to study the effects of terminal drought and sequential cropping systems on grain yield and quality of no-till and conventional managed irrigated wheat CV. Parsi. The experimental design was RCBD in split plot arrangement with four replicates in experimental farm of cereals research department of seed and plant improvement institute at Karaj, Iran. Main plots consisted six irrigated wheat based crop sequences and two irrigation regimes of normal irrigation and terminal drought allocated to the subplots which were studied in two separate experiments of conservation and conventional managed approaches. According to the results effect of terminal drought in conventional approach was significant in both years of study with 18% grain yield reduction. But terminal drought in conservation approach had no significant grain yield reduction (about 8% reduction) in the first year but caused significant grain yield reduction (about 43%) in the second year. In the 1st year of conservation approach, crop sequence of two years four crops of wheat/berseem clover-canola/silage corn (T3) produced the highest grain yield (4089 kg ha-1), while the highest grain yield (5347 kgha-1) belonged to the crop sequence of wheat/silage corn-wheat-silage corn (T1) in the conventional managed approach. Wheat grain quality characteristics were not significantly affected by terminal drought and crop sequence in both years of study.

Drought stress is the most important challenges facing agricultural production, especially in developing countries. Zeolite application can ameliorate the harmful effects of drought stress in crops. In order to evaluate the effect of deficit irrigation (supply of 100, 75, 50 and 25 percent of crop water requirement) and zeolite (0, 5 and 10 t/ha) levels on Proso millet, an experiment was conducted as split block design in 2015 at Shahre Kord University. Result showed that deficit irrigation reduced plant height, leaf area index (LAI), relative water content (RWC), grain yield and its components, biological yield, harvest index, biological yield, water use efficiency and chlorophyll a and b. Also deficit irrigation increased super oxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD) activity, proline and carotenoid. It is noteworthy that zeolites application reduced the harmful effects of deficit irrigation. At all deficit irrigation regimes, application of 10 /ha zeolite resulted the highest grain yield. The highest yield loss (77. 2%) was obtained with 25% of crop water requirement compared to control treatment (100% of water requirement and the zeolite application). Overall, results showed that under limited water conditions, application of zeolite reduced the negative effects of drought stress, therefore application of 10 t/ha zeolite is recommended in the cultivation of millet at limited water resources conditions.

This study was conducted to assess the relationship of some yield related traits and relative resistance to ascochyta blight disease in 36 Kabuli chickpea genotypes. Field trial was conducted in a simple lattice design with two replications and the genotypes resistance was assayed in a factorial experiment (factors include genotype and some disease pathotypes reported of Iran) based on randomized complete block desingn with three replications. Various phenological and morphological traits, yield, yield components and some of traits related to resistance were measured. Significant differences were showed between genotypes for number of empty pods, number of main branches and days to maturity at 5% and for yield, plant height and 100-kernel weight at 1% probability level. Genotype 32 with an average of 119. 29 grams grain per square centimeter had the highest yield. The number of pods and number of seed per plant had the highest correlation(r=0. 57**) with grain yield. Stepwise regression analysis introduced number of seeds per plant, number of seeds per pod and plant height with 51% justify changes as most effective traits. Path analysis result showed that the number of seeds per plant has the most direct effect (-0. 39) on grain yield. In disease resistance assaying, Effects of genotypes, pathotypes and their interaction were significant at 99% probability. Cluster analysis set the genotypes into three groups; resistant, tolerant and sensitive. 11, 4 and 20 genotypes were placed in resistant, tolerant susceptible groups, respectively. Genotype 20 was highly resistant and genotypes 30 and 32 were identified as highly susceptible.

In this study relationships between morphological characteristics of 64 chickpea genotypes under non-stress and stress conditions was evaluated in 8*8 simple lattice designs on the Research Field of Koohin, Tehran University). The Karaj3628 and Karaj3655 genotypes respectively with 1387. 947 and 1352. 074 Kg/hac under Non-stress and Karaj3628 and Karaj3645 genotypes with 698 and 694. 5 Kg/hac respectively under stress conditions had the highest seed yields. There were significant positive correlation between SY* with PW, BY, NP, LD, NS, RD, PH, NSB, DBW, EPN, HI, NPB and DSW in non-stress condition and there were significant positive correlation between SY with PW, PN, NS, LD, HI, RD, PH and MP in stress condition. Stepwise regression results showed that 8 independent variables entered into models in non-stress condition and 3 independent variables entered into models in stress condition, so that PW was first in both of them. Path coefficient analysis revealed that BY and NP had the highest positive direct effect on seed yield under non-stress condition. Factor analysis explained 85. 66 % in non stress and 86. 25 % total of variation in stress conditions with four factors. In cluster analysis 64 genotypes clustered in five groups.

The genus Triticum L. includes bread wheat and other important cultivated species, which are economically important for large parts of the human food. In this study, we conducted a phylogenetic analysis of A genome-possessing species of genus Triticum L. (T. aestivum, T. turgidum, T. urartu and T. boeticum). Here, the internal transcribed sequences (ITS) of nuclear ribosomal DNA were amplified by two pairs of primers in 26 genotypes from the above species. Sequenced amplicons were aligned by ClustalW. Divergence matrices and phylogenic dendrogram were made by MEGA 5. 0. Results revealed the full length of sequences of ITS1 and ITS2 were 650 bp and 700bp, respectively and G+C content were 60. 25 and 60. 50 in them. High levels of conservation in sequences were found among genotypes (%63 and %88). Phylogenetic analysis using amplified sequences were successfully divided diploid and polyploid wheats into individual groups. Regarding to the results, there were close relationships within T. aestivum and T. turgidum and also within T. urartu and T. boeticum. However, our analysis suggests that the ITS molecular markers seem to be proper tools for plant phylogenetic studies.

To evaluate the effect of harvesting time and drying methods on seed quality of faba bean, a three factors experiment was conducted based on completely randomized design with five replications at laboratory of seed science and technology, Yasouj University, in 2014. Experimental factors were as; harvesting in three dates after sowing (DAS) including 84 (first harvest), 96 (second harvest) and 108 (third harvest) DAS; three organ harvesting types (seed, pod and bushes); and two drying methods; shade-dried (SHD) and sun-dried (SD). In addition, an extra harvest (fourth harvest) was done 125 DAS according to the conventional harvest of local farmers. The results showed that in the first harvest, the highest and lowest 100-seed weight, germination percentage, germination rate, soluble sugars content, seedling vigor index were observed in the SHD bushes and SD seed treatments, respectively. A similar trend was observed in the second harvest. In this stage quantity of measured characteristics was increased. In the third harvest, these characteristics reached their maximum value and the SHD bushes treatment had significantly higher values compared to other treatments in terms of most measured characteristics. However, in all three harvesting time, electrolyte leakage and abnormal seedlings values showed different trend compared to other studied characteristics. Generally, results confirmed the role of soluble sugars in desiccation tolerance process and germinability promotion of faba bean seeds and therefore it can be suggested as biochemical index for evaluating seeds quality in this plant.

Peppermint known as important medicinal plants that used in the food, medical and pharmaceutical industry. In present study the effect of drought stress at four levels: 100 (as control), 75, 50 and 25% field capacity (FC) were investigated on expression of limonene synthase (lim) and menthol dehydrogenase (mdeh) genes in menthol pathway as well as morpho-physiological responses and performance of peppermint essential oil was evaluated using GC-MS analysis. Results showed that drought stress effect on fresh and dry weight of shoot, leaf area, leaf number, proline content and relative water content (RWC) significantly (P˂ 0. 01) differences. Drought stress caused a significant decrease in the morphological traits also the proline content and relative water content increased and declined respectively. Essential oil yield increased under drought stress condition, although the increase was not significant. The relative expression of lim gene increase at 75 and 50% FC, while showed a significant decreased at 25% FC. The relative expression of mdeh gene decreased at three regime of irrigation compared to control, significantly. In general, drought stress increased oil yield but its quality was declined.

In order to investigation of effect of iron and zinc sulfate on quantitative and qualitative yield of coriander, an experiment was conducted as randomized complete block design with three replications during 2015 on the Research Field of Payam Noor University of Marand. Treatments consisted of control, foliar application of iron (in stem elongation, flowering and stem elongation + flowering stages), foliar application of zinc (in stem elongation, flowering and stem elongation + flowering stages) and foliar application of iron and zinc (in stem elongation, flowering and stem elongation + flowering stages). Results showed that foliar application had significant effect on all studied traits except number of lateral branches. The application of iron and zinc improved plant traits in comparison to control. The highest values of plant height, number of lateral branch per plant, total dry weight, 1000-seed weight, seed yield and essential oil yield were gained of foliar application of iron and zinc in both stem elongation and flowering stages. Foliar application of Fe +Zn in stem elongation and flowering stages more than twice increased grain yield compare to control treatment. The highest and the lowest essential oil yield (3. 31 and 1. 11 kg/ha) was gained in application of Fe + Zn (in stem elongation and flowering stages) and control treatments respectively. In general, results showed that simultaneous foliar application of iron and zinc in stem elongation and flowering stages can be improved quantitative and qualitative yield of coriander which could be used as a suitable management strategy.

Seed germination usually is the most important determination of success or failure of plant establishment and if moisture is in optimum, the temperature threshold determines the rate and final germination percentage therefore prediction of the time and rate of germination in a suitable temperature range is decisive factor for plant establishment. This experiment evaluated regression models to estimate the cardinal temperatures of Salvia mirzayanii seeds and experiment carried out in completely randomized design with four replications in 2015 at the laboratory of Faculty of Agriculture, University of Guilan, Iran. Salvia mirzayanii seeds were placed in thermal treatments 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35 and 40 ˚ C. In order to describe the relationship between rate and temperature of germination were used segmented, curve-linear, quadratic, beta and dent-like models. According to the value of RMSE 0. 26 Adj R2 0. 89 and Akaike index-76. 15 in segmented model, this model was more suitable for rate of Salvia mirzayanii seed germination than temperature. Based on this model, base, optimum and maximum temperature were 5. 47, 22. 14 and 40. 84 ˚ C respectively. In terms of practical, estimated cardinal temperature in the experiment can be considered in Salvia mirzayanii cultivation.

Alfalfa is a cross-pollinating forage crops, so that maintenance and multiplication of selected plant material from breeding programs through seed is impossible. Vegetative propagation of selected plants through cutting allows rapid and reliable multiplication of alfalfa clones. This study examined the root development of three ecotypes, Nikshahri, Hamedani and Sequel, of alfalfa cuttings after dipping in two auxin’ s growth regulators, IAA (Indole acetic acid) and IBA (indole butyric acid) different solutions include 0, 25, 50, 100, 200 and 400 mgl-1 for 8, 16 and 24 hours. The study was performed in a full factorial design in RCBD with three replications. The results indicated that untreated cuttings with regulators produced no roots, while, all auxin treatments stimulated rooting on almost cuttings. Dipping treatments in 100 mgl-1 of auxin solutions for 16 hour produced the most root development. Among studied alfalfa ecotypes, Nikshahri showed highest rooting development. This method is more rapid, efficient and cost-effective than other vegetative reproduction methods in alfalfa which can be utilized in breeding programs such as producing synthetic and hybrid varieties and also maintenance and reproduction of different selfing generations in alfalfa.

In order to evaluate the effects of leaf defoliation on assimilate remobilization in wheat under water deficit stress, a field experiment was carried out as a split split plot based on randomized complete block design with three replications at College of Agriculture, Shiraz University during 2013-2014 growing season. The treatments included water stress: normal irrigation and cutting-off irrigation at anthesis as main plot, wheat cultivars: Pishtaz, Chamran and Marvdasht as sub plot, and levels of source manipulation: non-defoliation, defoliation at mid-stem elongation or mid-anthesis as sub sub plots. The results showed that leaf defoliation, especially at stem elongation reduced grain yield significantly (Pishtaz 19. 2%, Chamran 24. 7% and Marvdasht 24. 9%). The highest remobilization was also obtained from leaf defoliation treatment at stem elongation, so that defoliation at stem elongation increased proportion of stem and ear in grain yield by 1. 6 and 1. 4 times, respectively; however, it could not compensate yield loss resulted from leaf defoliation. Pishtaz and Marvdasht cultivars had the highest and the lowest remobilization, respectively. Water deficit enhanced remobilization and relative proportion of stem and ear in yield, so that mean of relative proportion of stem and ear in grain yield were 9. 1% and 6. 8% under normal and 15. 2% and 26. 3% under water stress conditions, respectively, meanwhile relative proportion was greater for Pishtaz cultivar. In general, water deficit stress and leaf defoliation, especially at early growth season increased remobilization before flowering and proportion of ear and stem storage in grain yield.

Simulation model of spring safflower by temperature and day lengthIn order to estimating model and considering day length and temperature development stages the growth period and plant development rate and role of factors and equations to estimate development stages, an experiment was conducted in two years, 2011 and 2012 in Isfahan. A split plot layout with randomized complete block design with 3 replications was used. The planting dates in 2011 were 5th May, 21th May, 5th Jun, 21th Jun, 5th July, 21th July, and in 2012 were 5th Mar, 21th Mar, 5th Apr, 21th Apr, 5th May, 21th May, 5th Jun and 21th Jun. Isfahan-14 and IL111 were used, which were late maturity and early maturity, respectively. Meteorological data in two years included daily maximum, minimum and mean temperatures and the mean of each temperature variable considered for period length. The results showed that duration of all three development stages were reduced as planting was delayed. From emerging to maturity in two cultivars, mean temperature explained the most part of variation. From emerging to 10 percentage of flowering DL3 and from segmented stage to maturity, DL3 explained most part of variation for two cultivars. It can be concluded that lines showed the same reactions to day length and variables, and day length play an important role on changes of development stages, but the rate of these factors were different.

To study the genetic diversity of chickpea cultivars, 57 chickpea genotypes along with six controls (Jam, Korosh, Hashem, Azad, Arman and local variety) were planted in Shahrbabak during 2014-2015. Agronomic traits including, number of days to flowering, the total number of pod per plant, number of empty pods per plant, number of full pod per plant, number of seeds per plant, biologic dry weight, harvest index and seed weight was measured. Results indicated that most traits have a wide range of variation, as indicating high variability in genotypes. The highest coefficient of variability for the number of pods per plant (34. 8%) and the lowest coefficient of phenotypic variations was observed for the number of days to flowering (7. 52%). Genotypes were grouped in three clusters. Five factors extracted in factor analysis explained 89. 59 % of total variations. The results of stepwise regression showed that the number of pods per plant, harvest index, biological dry weight per plant and 100KW had the greatest impact on yield. Finally, based on genotypes rank in traits that had most effectiveness on grain yield and yield stability index, the genotypes: Mahan (606), ILC482, Esfahan (478) and Uromyeh (129) were selected to replanting along with local genotype in an experimental desgin in Shahrbabak for selecting the best genotype and introduce for shahbabak region.

Salinity is the most important abiotic stress that influences the crops production in large areas of the country. To evaluate the salt tolerance of different alfalfa ecotypes, an experiment was conducted with three replications in a factorial randomized complete block design in 2014, in College of Agricultural and Natural Resources University of Tehran. 25 alfaalfa ecotypes in hydroponics (Hoagland solution) condition and applied salinity levels 100 and 200 mM sodium chloride with irrigation water were examined. The results indicated that the interaction of salinity and different ecotypes was significant on shoot dry weight, concentration of sodium and potassium. To determine tolerant and sensitive ecotypes indicators of stress were used and the results showed that in non-stress condition yield to MP (mean productivity), TOL (Tolerance), STI (stress tolerance index) indicators and in salt stress yield to MH (Harmonic mean), STI, YI (Yield index) had positively significant correlation. According to this ecotypes 5 and 21 as the most tolerant and ecotype 20 and 8 as more sensitive were introduced. The result of the Biplot analysis showed that the first and second principal components justified 87/15 precent of the whole yield changes. Hence, the selection due to the first and second principal components respectively led to choose the tolerant and sensitive ecotypes.