Journal of Plant Production Research
Year:2012 | Volume:19 | Issue:1|Papers Count:10

Protein of legume grains has deficiency for sulfur aminoacids such as methionin and systein. So improvement of protein quality is an important goal in pulse breeding. We have used gus reporter gene to determine transformation percentage, ssa gene for proteins rich of systein and methionin, and bar gene for selection of transgenic plants. PCR analysis was used to confirm the transformation of putative transgenic plants in glasshouse. Gus assessment has been done in five stages. bar gene is a suitable selectable marker for obtaining transgenic plants and high transformation percentage in rapid rate. PCR results showed that 13 plants have had gus, ssa and bar genes. Transformation percentage was 4.3%. Low rooting and establishment of shoots in glasshouse is one of the reasons for low transformation percentages. So, grafting instead of in vitro rooting is a good alternative.

This study was carried out in the Kerman pistachio research station (P.R.S.). A split-plot design was used with three irrigation interval including 1: 30 days interval irrigation 2: 40 days interval irrigation 3: 60 days interval irrigation, and three levels of nitrogen including 1: without nitrogen fertilizer 2: 750 gram nitrogen fertilizer for one tree 3: 1500 gram nitrogen fertilizer in the sub plot. The results showed that in Kerman the highest yield was obtained 3079, 2809 and 2789 from trees that irrigated in the 40 days intervals with 750 and 1500-gram nitrogen. In addition, the lowest yield was 1743 and 1749 gram per tree from trees that irrigated with 30 and 60 days intervals without nitrogen application (I60N0 and I30N0). Therefore, this treatment was the best treatment yield in this area. In each interval irrigation treatments with N0 level showed the lowest vegetative growth. In the study region, vegetative growth was improved by increasing of nitrogen levels by the most of treatments. the most vegetative growth were taken by application of treatments of I30N750, I40N750 and I60N750 including 9.4, 9.7 and 9.2 cm, respectively and the lowest vegetative growth were found by application of treatments of I30N0, I40N0 and I60N0 including 5.5, 5.6 and 5.7 cm, respectively. Result indicated that, the most nitrogen concentration in leaf showed 2.1 percent (I40N750 treatment) and the lowest nitrogen concentration in leaf was 1.4 percent (I30N0 treatment). Effect of interval irrigation treatments with Nlevel showed the lowest splitting in I30N0 and maximum in I60N1500. I40N750 have biggest nut size.

Generation mean analysis with joint scaling test was performed to determine the type of gene action. Generations of F1, F2, BC1 and BC2 were derived from crosses between Shiraz (drought susceptibility) cultivar with Ws-82-14 line (drought tolerance) and Shiraz cultivar with Shole (drought tolerance) along with their parents were sown in a randomized complete block design with three replications under stress and non-stress moisture conditions. Traits evaluated in this experiment included plant height, peduncle length, spike length, number of grains per spike, grain yield per plant, 1000- seed weight, flowering date and plant weight. Genetic parameters including mean (m), gene effects additive (d), dominance (h), epistasis effects additive × additive [i], additive× dominance [j], and dominance× dominance [l] were evaluated for different traits. The dominant gene effect was found the most important genetic effect in controlling many traits evaluated. In addition the additive × additive [i] epistasis was more important than dominant × dominant [l] epistasis. The average of broad sense and narrow sense heritabilities were obtained for grain yield in Ws-82-14×Shiraz cross in normal condition, 78% and 44%, in stress condition, 69% and 57%, while in Shole × Shiraz cross in normal condition were 52% and 29%, and in stress condition, 78% and 56%, respectively. The average degree of dominance ÖH/D in most of the traits was larger than 1which indicated the importance of dominance and it was in agreement with the low value of narrow sense heritability. Transgressive segregation for the whole traits showed that these crosses can result into recombinant progenies for drought tolerance.

In order to evaluate salt stress on 40 rice genotypes and identification of a proper indicator of salinity tolerance of rice in a factorial experiment was conducted based on randomized complete block design with 3 replications in greenhouse at Sari Agricultural Science and Natural Resources, during 2009. Twenty one genotypes were selected in vegetative growth and evaluated in reproductive growth stage. The results showed that Hasani had more grain yield (88.14% reduction) in 100 Mm NaCl stress. Correlation analysis showed that correlation between Ys with STI and SSI was significant and positive in 60 and 100 Mm NaCl. Thus, these indices are suitable for evaluation of rice genotypes to salt stress environments. Base on the results of main components analysis on 17 traits and tolerance indices introduced 4 and 5 components that they explained 90.70% and 92.38% of variation. Biplot analysis showed that line 109 and Shastak-mohammadi were identified staple cultivars in stress and non stress environments because these genotypes had high STI and they located in suitable area in biplot. Any evaluated genotypes had yield stability in 100 Mm NaCl stress.

Iron as an essential element has important roles in chloroplast development, photosynthesis, Fe-S clusters structure, electron transfer and control of redox systems. Excess iron could impair bio macromolecules due to induction of oxidative stress. Iron toxicity is not common and only possible in specific regions such as the Rice fields. The purpose of this investigations were the evaluation of the effects of iron toxicity, consequent oxidative stress and damage routes and tolerate pathways under excess iron in rice (Oryza sativa. L) Shafagh Cultivar. The experiments were carried out in completely randomized design and iron treatment was included 10 (control), 150 and 250 mg L-1 accompanied by Yoshida nutrient solution. Iron excess (250 mg L-1) caused significant reduction in plant growth specially roots. Also, antioxidant enzymes activity malondialdehyde (MDA) concentrations as a lipid peroxidation index were increased. In addition to, phenolica and hydrogen peroxide concentration increased under excess iron. In spite of decrease in total soluble protein content, some protein bands, identified in electrophoresis, enhanced under high levels of iron treatments. The electrophoresis pattern of peroxidase enzyme indicated higher activity of this enzyme under excess iron treatments. The results indicated that excess iron increased ROS production and lipid peroxidation and decreased protein content and plants growth. On the contrary, increase of peroxidase activity, phenols content reduced ROS and increased iron toxicity resistance.

Accurate prediction of crop phenology is important in crop simulation models. The objective of this work was to quantify the occurrence of phenological stages in cotton and to construct a simple phenology model. Required parameters of model were obtained from a serially sown field experiment (22 April, 5 May, 24 May, 13 June, 9 July, and 7 August in 2006). The results showed that none of developmental stages is sensitive to photoperiod (on based phonological stages reaction to GDD), so only temperature was taken into account. Also, there was no difference between hourly, 3-hourly and daily temperature data. Therefore, average daily temperature can be used in predicting developmental stages. For independent test of the model, data from different field experiments that were carried out at Hashem-Abad and Karkandeh stations were used. Root mean square errors (RMSE) between simulated and experimental data were 1.8 d for emergence, 7.2 d for squaring, 5.5 d for flowering, and 7.8 d for open boll. Therefore, this model can be used to predict development stages in cotton simulation model in non-stress conditions.

In order to study the effect of different green manure plants on soil organic matter and nitrogen in salinity condition, an experiment was conducted in Randomized Complete Block Design with 4 replications. The treatments included plants white clover (Trifolium repens), vetch (Vicia peregrine), vetch (Vicia sativa), sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) and turnip (Eruca sativa) which were watered with natural saline water from Urmia lake (soil salinity: 2.7 dS m-1). Changes in soil nutrient elements and nitrogen mineralization were measured during different time periods after plant residues incorporation in soil. The results indicated that sorghum green residues resulted in the highest amount of fresh and dry weight of shoot and root, yield (38800 kg/ha) and organic carbon (0.93%). No significant differences were obtained among the remaining plants for organic carbon. The highest soil nitrogen content was observed in white clover (0.11%). The plants white clover (0.11%) and vetch (0.10%) resulted in higher total nitrogen in corresponded soil samples following five months residues incorporation. The C/N ratio decreased significantly after 3 and 5 months incorporation of white clover, vicia and vetch in soil. Ammonium N (NH4-N) and nitrate N (NO3-N) content were achieved to the highest amount in vetch, white clover and sorghum, respectively. It was concluded that sorghum and white clover could be introduced as proper green manure for salinity condition because of higher yield and biomass, increasing the amount of soil organic carbon, lower amount of C/N and increasing soil total and mineral nitrogen.

In order to determinate the best laboratory test for predicting emergence and establishment of sesame seedlings (Sesamum indicum, L.) at field condition, an experiment was conducted in two parts using six cultivars (Yellow-white, Darab14, Sari, Gorgan, Osbomahaleh and Shiraz). Results showed that there were no significant differences among cultivars for standard germination test, seedling dry weight and seedling length. But electrical conductivity test, germination rate and germination percentage after accelerated aging for 24 and 48 hours at 45OC showed significant differences among cultivars. The results showed that electrical conductivity test and accelerated aging for 48 hours at 45 °C can well predict the percentage of seedling emergence at field. Therefore, these tests can be suggested for prediction of sesame seed emergence.