Journal of Oceanography
Year:2019 | Volume:10 | Issue:38 |Papers Count:15

The phenolic compounds contain antioxidant properties that can be effective in the treatment of some chronic and malignant diseases. The aim of this study was to determine optimal conditions for extraction of total phenolic compounds from Sargassum sp. and Sea lettuce (Ulva sp. ) in Chabahar coastal waters. The extracts of these two algae were extracted by ultrasonic method and then the different parameters consisting of solvent type (water, methanol, ethanol, or acetone), sample size (63, 125, 250, or 500 micron) and dry sample (0. 1, 0. 2, 0. 3, 0. 4, or 0. 5 g) in 10 ml solvent and ultrasonic time (10, 20, or 30 mins) and temperatures (20, 40, 50, or 60° C) were optimized. The determination of total phenolic compounds were done by spectrophotometric method using Folin ciocalteu reagent and standard curve gallic acid. Maximum total phenol content was obtained by water as a solvent, particle size of 125 microns for Sargassum sp. and 250 microns for Ulva sp., dry extract of 0. 1 g per 10 ml solvent for Sargassum sp. and dry extract of 0. 2 g per 10 ml solvent for Ulva sp. and ultrasonic time of 10 minutes at 40 ° C for both algae. Under the optimized conditions, the highest total phenolic compounds were obtained for Sargassum algae (i. e. 5. 58 ± 0. 271 mg gallic acid per gram of dry sample) and for Sea lettuce (i. e. 2. 047 ± 0. 258 mg gallic acid per gram of dry sample). The results of the study showed that Sargasum algae can be used as a appropriate natural marine antioxidant source in the food and pharmaceutical industries as well.

Several methods have been developed such as experimental methods, numerical and computational models for studying the prediction of water level. The purpose of this research is to evaluate and verification Telemac's numerical tidal model in Bushehr Bay waters using measured data. In this regard, the Telemac 2D module has been used to simulate the tide in a A course, 15 days from 01/08/2011 in Bushehr Bay Area. After the preparation of hydrographic data, the creation of irregular triangular mesh, the application of tidal data as astronomical force on the border, water level and tidal current velocity was modeled. In order to verify the water level, tidal range, flow rate and friction coefficients of the model, the data from water level measurement and tidal current velocity recorded by the port authorities were used. In the next step, the water level, the tidal current velocity were extracted by the global TPXO model using Matlab software. The tidal analysis results from the global ocean drag model were compared with the results of modeling. The results of the research indicate that the RMSE error rate decreased from 14% to 7% for the water level and from 20% to 5% for the tidal current velocity after modeling on the TPXO data. The shape factor value was 1/1 that showed tide in Bushehr Bay mixed, often half a day.

The purpose of this research is to design and identify some of the natures and characteristics of high-resolution surface currents in the Northern Indian Ocean. The pattern of 3D circulation of the Wind-driven surface currents, Sea surface temperature (SST) and Sea Surface Salinity (SSS) distribution in the Northern Indian Ocean using The MIT general circulation model (MITgcm) with horizontal (2 arc-minutes) and vertical (20 Levels) resolutions during Monsoon was simulated and the model became stable after 17 years. This resolution is very accurate for the reproduction of ocean circulation and the eddy dynamics. Temperature, salinity, wind, net heat flux, evaporation minus precipitation as the initial data were introduced to the model. According to the results, an upwelling was characterized at 61° E-24° N near Chabahar in July, as well as a strong anticyclone take places at 56. 5° E-18° N which enters to the north Arabian sea after a clockwise rotation. The summer monsoon current flows eastward during the summer monsoon (May-August) and the winter monsoon current flows westward during the winter monsoon (November-February) and also, the jet of Ras Al Hadd at the Oman coast is identifiable in the model.

There is demand for the production of new and effective antimicrobial compounds because the pathogenic bacteria evoluted and resistance to antibiotics Butanol, Methanol and Aceton extracts of Peronia verruculata were obtained and the antibacterial effects of two bacteria, Staphylococcus aureous (gram-positive) and Escherichi coli (gram negative) were determined using MIC and MBC methods. Turbidity and transparency of microtubes containing different amounts of butanol extract showed that the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of E. coli was 600 μ g/μ l and 800 μ g/μ l of Staphylococcus aureus. The growth status of E. coli in Muller Hinton Agar Plate at different concentrations of butanol extract showed a minimum bacterial concentration (MBC) of 800 μ g/μ l and for Staphylococcus aureus 100 μ g/μ l. Aceton and methanolic extracts of Peronia verrculata to 1000 μ g/μ l did not inhibit bacterial growth.

The morphological identification and investigation of the internal skeletal structure of sea cucumbers in the tidal zone of the western coast of the Persian Gulf were performed by sampling from 2 stations (Bostaneh Port and Hendurabi Island). Species identification were performed using the Spicules detected form muscle tissue of the samples by Invert microscope and checked with valid identification keys. Finally, after morphological and microscopic studies four species of sea cucumbers were identified. In the present study Stichopus horrens and Stichopus monotuberculatus were found for the first time in the tidal zones of the western coasts of the Persian Gulf (Hendurabi Island). This study showed that the most frequent types of spicules were barrel and button types in the sea cucumbers genus of Holothuria parva and Holothuria arenicola respectively. The characteristic feature for distinguishing of S. horrens species from the S. monotuberculatus species was the presence of large table thumbtack shape on the dorsal papilar part of S. horrens species whereas this type of spicule was absent in the S. monotuberculatus species.

The main objective of recent study was comparative immunohistochemistry of Gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) of, Huso huso in two warm and cold seasons. Ten specimens were collected from sturgeon breeding centers and after anesthesia, biometric was taken on them. 0. 5 centimeter samples of primary, middle and end of intestine were removed and immediately were placed in Bouin solution. Rutine procedure of tissue prepration was done and sections in the thicknesses of 4-6 microns were prepared. Eventually they were taken under staining. Finally was performed general Hematoxylin-Eosin staining (H&E), histochemical staining of Periodic Acid Schiff (PAS), and (TUNEL) immunohistochemistry. Histomorphology and histometric results showed that the intestine consists of mucous, submucosa, muscularis and serousa. Comparative study of Gut-associated lymphoid tissue in two seasons was found that their density and composition are different. In cold season, the density of lymphoid tissue in base of the epithelium was more than the warm season. The number of lymphocyte cells in the mucosa and submucosa of different parts of the intestine in warm season showed a significant decrease compare to the cold season (p≤ 0. 05). Also, the number of lymphocyte cells in the end of the intestine showed a significant increase during the cold season compare to the warm season (p≤ 0. 05). In general, it has been shown that in immunohistochemical studies, the number of cells with apoptosis, especially in the warm season, were higher in all parts of the intestine than to the cold season (p≥ 0. 05). Therefore, due to stimulation immune system in this part of the gastrointestinal tract, it can be considered to determine for vaccination time.

In mid-March 2019, severe floods occurred in the northern provinces of Iran (Golestan and Mazandaran). Coastal areas, wetlands and bays are strongly influenced by water inputs from land. In this study, the nutrients (nitrate, nitrite, phosphate, silica and ammonium) and other physicochemical parameters (salinity, pH, dissolved oxygen and water temperature) at 8 selected stations in the Gorgan bay were measured and compared before (February, 2019) and after (April and May, 2019) the floods. The nutrients were measured using the standard MOOPAM method. Other physicochemical parameters were measured on-site by means of Hack multimeter. The results of this study showed that the amounts of all nutrients in the Gorgan bay have decreased after the floods. In particular, ammonium and nitrate showed a decrease of about 8. 30 and 3. 13 times, respectively. This dilution of nutrients are due to rainfall, as well as the entry of water from Gorganrod and Qareso rivers to the Gorgan bay. Compared to other nutrients, nitrate had a higher percentage before and after the floods. Furthermore, the average salinity amounts of the bay before and after the floods were 14. 79 psu and 9. 27 psu, respectively. These changes in hydrochemistry can affect the ecosystem of Gorgan bay.