JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS RESEARCH
Year:2017 | Volume:9 | Issue:3 (35) |Papers Count:15

One of the most important issues in the world literature is to measure and assess the degree of competitiveness and monopoly in the markets and determine the structure of the international market. One of the main goals of countries in the world of trade has long been gaining a greater share of the international market. Iran is one of the largest pomegranate producers and exporters in the world. The present study evaluates Iran's pomegranate demand by using parametric models and panel data for countries exporting pomegranates from Iran during the period of 1993 to 2013. The results showed that the price elasticity of the pomegranate demand is -0.06. This means that as prices rise, there is no significant reduction in the demand of the importing countries, and it shows demand of Iran pomegranate in the global market is inelastic. These results are consistent with the calculation indices of the Herfindahl – Hirschman, share of two largest firms and eight largest firms in the pomegranate world market structure, which highlights the strong focus of the market for Iran and India. It seems that that the continuation of the current process may endanger Iran's market power and position. Finding new business models, marketing and participating in international exhibitions are some of the strategies to maintain and expand Iran's pomegranate demand in global markets.

Due to the importance of investing in economic growth of agriculture and structural functions in the agricultural sector investment and Tobin's Q, In this study macroeconomic variables on investment incentives in the agricultural sector during the 1985-2013 Iran and use the Method Distributed Lag (ARDL) was investigated. The results shows that rural inflation and interest rates both in the short and long-term incentives to invest in agriculture and significant negative effect. While agricultural exports and the index of food prices in the short term and the long-term and significant positive effect on investment incentives in the agricultural sector. The results also suggest that the exchange rate only in the short term positive impact on investment incentives in the agricultural sector. It is suggested that the government's expansionary monetary policy and pump money into the rural economy to caring with policies such as reducing barriers for export, encourage farmers to produce and export more.

Foreign trade is a significant component in economic development. It is source of revenue for investment in new technology, expanding internal market, productivity growth and increase in production capacity for economic development. On the other hand, accepting the importance of the agricultural sector in the current economy and the country's future and the emergence of non-oil revenue from it it is necessary to pay more attention to agricultural trade.The purpose of this study is to determine factors affecting trade of agricultural products is in period of 1973-2013. The pattern of export and import of agricultural are estimated with the vector error correction model (VECM). The results showed that agricultural production, oil revenue and third national development plan had positive impact. The official exchange rate had negative effect on imports and positive impact on the export of agricultural sector, while agricultural producer price index effects in the opposite direction of official exchange rates. Liquidity volume and economic sanctions had negative impact on export of agricultural Sector, whereas the impact of targeted subsidies on agricultural exports was positive.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of credit on agricultural export. Therefore, first the effect of credit on value added, and then the effect of value added on exports has been studied. In this direction, panel data of agricultural sub-sectors was used during the period of 1991 to 2011, and the related functions were estimated by using 2SLS method. Results show the positive effect of credit, capital stock and labor on value added. The effect of real exchange rate, relative price, value added and importing countries income on exports was also shown to be positive. Results also show the positive effect of credit on exports. As credit was shown to be an effective factor of agricultural exports, it has to be considered by policy maker. Although these government protections are deceivable, they should have rational trend, not to keep agricultural sector as premature industry.

Food and food security is one of the most essential challenges for the increasing population of the world. Informing about the dangers of the application of antibiotics in poultry farming can encourage consumers towards healthier products and the roduction of organic chicken. The factors underpinning the adoption and consumption of organic chicken were explored by contingency valuation method and Tobit model. Data were collected with a self-designed questionnaire administered among 283 citizens in Urmia, Iran sampled by Mischel and Carson’s technique in spring of 2015. The results showed that people who were more aware of the benefits of organic chicken and had better attitude towards general purchase component, healthy purchase component and the awareness of the dangers of hormones and antibiotics exhibited more willingness to consume these products. The frequency of chicken consumption per week had a positive, significant impact on willingness to pay for organic chicken. The expected value of more willingness to pay per kg organic chicken was estimated at 33.92% as compared to industrial chicken as the output of Tobit model revealed. Consequently, the more the consumers are educated about nutrition and health of agricultural products, the higher their willingness would be to pay for organic products.

The main objective of this study was to determine the factors affecting on willingness to pay additional price for the consumption of organic products including organic cucumbers in Urmia City using contingent valuation method and ordered logit model. Information were collected from face to face through the completion of 45 questionnaires in 2014 in Urmia city. The result showed that 43 percent of consumers would be willing to pay about a premium between 16 to 25 percent for organic fruits and vegetables. The results showed that the explanatory variables of education level, income, size of household, people with certain conditions, tendency to buy safe products, awareness of the risks of certain foods, awareness of the benefits of healthy products had a significant positive effect on households' willingness to pay for their consumption of organic products. Lack of proper advertising and lack of guaranteed label are the most important problems in buying organic products from the perspective of the households. Increasing awareness of consumers about the benefits of organic products can be raised Consumer knowledge about characteristics of safe products. Due to the high price of organic products, gradual elimination subsidies for chemical inputs and subsidizing organic products could be useful for the development of the consumption of these products.

One of the requirements of planning for the future is predict the behavior of economic variables. Since wheat is a strategic commodity for our country, forecasting its price is very important. In previous studies in Iran, researchers have used quantitative models to forecasting the price of wheat and they have not used qualitative models. But in present research, we use both of them. The annual data for period of 1976-2014 are included. The results of the study indicat that RMSE criterion for quantitative models such as ARMA, EGARCH and ANN are 37625.68, 39373.91 and 24258.073, respectively. On the other hand, the average percent difference between the forecasting of ANN and Delphi method is 0.08. So, the results show that prediction error of the neural network model compared to other methods is smaller and in prediction of future price compared with qualitative methods (Delphi model) is slightly different. It indicates the importance of using qualitative methods beside quantitative methods for forecasting economic variables.

Iran's West Azerbaijan province has been become to superior pole of the agriculture and it is producing about 6 percent of the country's agricultural production and is the first province in the term of agricultural production in the country. The ultimate aim of the present research is to make a framework for evaluation and ranking of agricultural products according to the possible indicators for each product using multi-criteria decision techniques by fuzzy approach and its examination in a case study in order to optimize the production of agricultural products. Therefore we have selected two agricultural areas of Mahabad and Miandoab in the south of West Azerbaijan province. Ranking technique based on similarity to ideal solution with fuzzy approach rankings has been known as the best method of multiple-criteria fuzzy decision technique. It sounds that this technique is one of the most useful methods in term of the ranking of agricultural products according to priority; although of regional planners have used different methods to prioritize agricultural products.

Climate Change from previous period exists, in recent decades, due to the intensification of human activities have created international concern and its effect on agricultural production worldwide. Annual emissions of CO2 and annual precipitation in Iran were selected as indicators of climate change. and amount of cultivation ,seeding and fixed investment in machinery were selected as indicators of technology. Data on an annual basis and for a period of 50 years were used. For this objective, Distributed Lag Model Autoregresive (ARDL) is estimated. The results showed that both short-term and long-term climate change has a positive and significant effect with the cultivation of wheat production and fixed capital in machinery and seeding was not significant. The coefficients of CO2 and rainfall in the long-term were 0.38 and 0.21 and in the shorttern were 0.22 and 0.12 respectively which means that in the long run by increasing the rate of climate change wheat production increases by.0.38 and 0.21 percent.

Economic valuation could be a useful tool for better use and management of wetland resources. Zarivar wetland is one of the unique freshwater wetlands in the world. Despite the valuable functions of the wetland and the location of it, in recent years because of the inattentions, this wetland has been in critical conditions. The purpose of this study is to estimate the Marivan citizen’s willingness to pay using choice experiment. In this regard, data and information needed to complete the questionnaire were collected through interviews with 120 citizens of this city. Results of the estimation of conditional Logit model and calculation of willingness to pay showed that the highest marginal willingness to pay is for recreational-tourism facilities and in the absolute improvement is (822.4 thousand Rls). People willing to pay 115.77 and 130.40 thousands Rls annually for improving fish condition of the wetland from present situation to relative and absolute improvement, respectively; to change the states of recreational and tourism facilities to relative improvement 117.93 thousands Rls annually; to switch wells uses to relative and absolute improvement 825.16 and 767.50 thousands Rls annually respectively; to change the state of pollution of wetland to relative and absolute improvement 309.58 and 813.72 thousands Rls annually respectively and to change the forest uses to relative and absolute improvement 746.85 and 801.13 thousands Rls annually respectively.

Saffron is an important agricultural product and important source of foreign exchange particularly in the provinces of Khorasan. In order to identify strengths, weaknesses, threats and opportunities in the production, processing and marketing of saffron, factors analytical strategic method (SWOT) was used. The Required data were collected through interviews and questionnaires completed by managers and experts of the manufacturers and exporters of Mashhad and Torbat-e- Heydarieh. Results of external factor evaluation matrix showed that strengths of physical form, position, product and process of marketing mix were more than weaknesses. Results of external factor evaluation Matrix showed that opportunities of physical form, position, product and process marketing mix overcomed the threats. Results of SWOT showed that the best strategy is to execute diversified strategy. Finally, some recommendations are made to improve the situation.

Regarding the importance of walnut production in Hamedan province, this research has been carried out to investigate the marginal marketing issues and market efficiency of walnut production in Tuyserkan Township. In this regard, retailers, wholesalers, total margins, the share of marketing factors, marketing cost coefficient and the efficiency for walnut production market are calculated. Collecting required information have been done by interview and completing 90 questionnaires through random classification sampling at the level of producer, wholesaler and retailer in 1392. The results showed that the total marketing margin for walnut with dry skin was equal to 52130 Rls. per kg. Shares of retailer, wholesaler and producer were 17.3, 10.7 and 72 percent, respectively. Technical inefficiency was much higher than prie inefficiency and total inefficiency was 36.9 percent. The results show that retail and wholesale prices have positive and significant effect on marketing margin. However, the effects of the product value, marketing cost and production on marketing margin have not been confirmed. At the end, according to the research objectives, the appropriate policy implications are presented.

Export of agricultural products can be given special emphasis in economic activity and its effect on the country's economic growth is undeniable. Despite numerous reports that indicate the positive impact of the widespread use of export aids on export growth, the effect of the government's development plans on export of agricultural products has not been studied. In this paper, using ARDL, export and use of effective exchange rates, the impact of development programs after the Islamic revolution (years 1990 to 2009) as a graph of the policy governing the various economic sectors on the supply of agricultural exports have been investigated and the supply of agricultural exports as a single equation, independent of the demand for exports of agricultural products respectively. The results showed that effects of GDP, the relative prices of exports, domestic consumption and development programs on export of agricultural products were significant. The effect of exchange rate on export supply of agricultural products was not significant. During the Third Plan period, foreion exchange earned from export of agricultural products was the highest rate while this amount was decreased in the Fourth Development Plan.

Recentl y, human development largely depends on the ability of society to create sustainable food security. Sustainable food security will be achieved by developing agriculture.This study aimed determining of behavior ranchers in Galikesh Township by sustainable and food security approaches. The research method was descriptive - correlationa which has done through a survey. The research population was ranchers in township (N=2000). Sample size was determine by using Kerjice and Morgan 's (1970) table (n=234). Samples were selected through simple random sampling method. Data was collected through an instrument that developed by researcher. The validity of instrument estimated by a panel of faculty members in Tarbiat Modares University. Data were anal y zed using SPSS software package. Research findings show that there is a significant relation between ranchers sustainable behavior and numbers of control behavior penetrate, mental norm, knowledge attitude and emotional attitude. Also results of stepwize regration show that 58.9 percent of sustainable behavior of ranchers in galikesh was determine by five variables consist of notion, penetrate behavior control, mental norm, knowledge attitude and emotional attitude. According to the results we can say, whatever information, skills, individual abilities, opportunities, resources andindividual capabilities to be more, social ideas and people' s valuesanimal husbandry and the herders feel better and we have better mind attitude towards sustainable animal husbandry, so we would see more sustainable behavior from him.