JOURNAL OF BIOLOGY SCIENCE
Year:2011 | Volume:5 | Issue:3 (SERIES NO. 18)|Papers Count:18

In order to study the effects of nitrogen fertilizer level and azospirillum bacteria on yield and physiological traits of rice cultivars (Oryza sativa L.), an experiment as factorial in RCBD with three replications was conducted during 2009 year in Guilan province, Rudsar. Factors were Azospirillum bacteria (inoculated and non-inoculated), nitrogen fertilizer levels (0, 30, 60, and 90 Kg N/ha) and cultivar (Khazar, Ali Kazemi and Hashemi). Characters measured were: leaf area index (LAI), leaf area duration (LAD), total of dry weight (TDW), crop growth rate (CGR), relative growth rate (RGR), and grain yield. Results of growth analysis indicated that, nitrogen increasing rates of fertilizer and inoculated with Azospirillum caused the increment of growth indexes. Also, Results indicated with nitrogen fertilizer and Azospirillum application, grain yield increased significantly.

An experiment was conducted to evaluation of drought stress on five genotypes of peanut in split plot with randomized complete block design with 3 replications in 2009 yr. irrigation in two levels (irrigation in 40% field capacity and no irrigation) and cultivar in five levels (NC2, ICGV92071, ICGV92267, ICGV93420, ICGV93277) considered as main plot and subplot respectively. These genotypes was selected from 76 genotype received from ICRISAT. The results showed that irrigation increase grain and biological yield, harvest index, 100 grain weight significantly. The most grain yield (2058kg/ha) was obtained in irrigated ICGV93420 genotype. Considering these results we strongly recommend to farmers that irrigate their peanut farms especially in dry summer.

Coral Reefs and its threaten factors After tropical rain forest, coral reefs are formed as a second world reach biome. They are distributed in 109 countries with the extend of 600,000 km2 the coral reefs live in shallow water of tropical zones (Max to 100 meters) and they are very sensitive to temperature, salinity and pollution and not able to tolerate water turbidity. The growth of coral reefs is very slow and the amount of growth per year has been determined between 0.38 up to 12mm. Permanent water current, nutrient rapid rotations and activity of symbiosis Algae are three factors which provide high productivity in this ecosystem. Due to high productivity included high biodiversity. Nowadays coral reefs have been threatened in the world by different factors such as: Anthropogenic Impacts & Natural Impacts. The effective way for reducing this disastrous demolition process is protection and management of these resources in marine protected area.

In order to study the effect of the various concentrations of the Zinc Solphate, Indolebutyric acid (IBA), Naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) and the mixetures of these two hormones (NAA+IBA) on the rooting of the semi-hardwood cuttings of the Deracaena fragrans, an experiment at 2009 spring, In the green house around the chalous city. The required semi- hard wood cuttings were prepared from the mother plant (stalk), which were planted in the bed of the green house and Lacked the shoot.This experiment was arranged in a mould of complete randomized design with 3 replications and 19 treatment. In this research, hormone treatments is in cluded 4 levels: (0,1000,2000,3000) ppm of Indolebutyric acid and 4 levels: (0,1000,2000,3000) ppm of Naphtalenacetic acid and 9 levels: (1000+1000+1000+2000, 1000+3000, 2000+1000, 2000+2000, 2000+3000, 3000+1000, 3000+2000, 3000+3000) Ppm of mixture of two hormones, and 4 levels: (0,1500,3000,5000) ppm of zinc solphate, and the bootom part of the cutting was dipped into the above solution. The resulte showed that the best percent of the rooted cutting with 2000 ppm of IBA and 2000 ppm of NAA and 2000+1000 ppm of mixture (IBA+NAA) and Znso4 with 3000 ppm. Fresh weight and dry weight, with 2000 ppm of IBA and 2000 ppm of NAA and 2000+1000 ppm of mixture (IBA+NAA) and Znso4 with 3000 ppm. number of the root and the length of the root, was obtained with 2000 ppm of IBA and 2000 ppm of NAA and 2000+1000 ppm of mixture (IBA+NAA) and Znso4 with 3000 ppm. The resulte showed that the bes treatment with 2000 ppm of IBA.

There was a study that has the knowledge about the damages occurred on the standing trees akward from the implement of the simple chaice method in parsel on 39 kinds of 11 cure-river shafaroud. In this survey the damages were occurred in the bands of splinter of vessel in the emersion flow of the Bines pollen from the stub up to besides the street were anticipated and stimulated. The analysis and resolution of the damages to the rest of the trees next to the pathes of the vessel shows that near the 44 precentages of the trees in the bonds of the vessel were damaged. Most of them were beech (Fagus) and alder (Alnus) that were seen the sores transmittal with plenty of one 1 more than others. These sores are seen in the trees with the for of between 1-2cm from pathes of vessel and are occurred in the height of less than 1cm of trees. Substantially the scale of the damages in these zones are related to the quality of the design in these pathese so that if the pathes of the vessel have a better design the scale of the damames will decrease. Inorder to the results of this survey if the used pathes design are sufficiently and (are) in the basis of the specifications of the exploitation system the damages will decrease too.

To determine the most suitable plant density and planting pattern on yield of corn silage single cross 704 in the second culture after harvesting the rice crop research in 2009 on research center city Qarakheyl vice city was run. Factorial experiment in complete block design with four replications was randomized. Treatments included distances between rows (65, 75 and 85 cm), two planting patterns (single row and double row zigzag line) and two levels of planting densities of 70 and 80 thousand plants per hectare was. Results showed more yield per hectare of forage - influenced interactions between row spacing and planting pattern is significantly different between and more forage yield per hectare and the number of days to emergence Tasl affect the interaction of planting density and pattern were. Lowest plant height and ear length than most forage yield - ha (49,220 kg/ ha) under 65 cm distance between rows meters lowest forage yield per hectare (45200 kg/ ha) under 85 cm distance between - m was obtained. Most plant height, ear length, ear number per plant, weight per plant than under planting two rows zigzag pattern was obtained, which consequently highest yield more forage per hectare (53255 kg/ ha) under the zigzag double row planting pattern was obtained. More than forage yield per hectare under the two-factor interaction density of 80 thousand plants per hectare and planting two rows zigzag pattern (55570 kg/ ha) respectively. Maximum of dry forage yield per hectare under the zigzag double row planting pattern (19075, 66 kg/ ha) and minimum planting a row under the linear model (15370 kg/ ha) was obtained.

Acipenser persicus Species is native to Iran, hatching rate of production had the highest rate but a high larval mortality. So to raise the percentage of survival and resistance to stress factors in artificial reproduction, freshwater rotifer was enriched with vitamin C feeding the active feeding stage larvae (Exogenous).Thus four treatments were considered. Treatment 1: the same treatment process Shahid beheshti Hatchery first sections Napleus Artemia were then fed Daphnia Treatment 2: a mixture of Artemia Nauples, Rotifer and daphnia equal amount. Treatment 3: Freshwater rotifer (Brachionus calyciflorus) Treatment 4: Rotifer enriched with vitamin C (Ascorbic acid palmitate) was studied. The number of larvae weighting (43 ± 0.5) mg in 100-liter Tank had been making 35 liters of water up to 8 days after initiation of external feeding were studied. During the review Biometry was performed three times. Feeding was based on 20 percent wet body weight four times daily. Average temperatures during the study (22.5 ± 0.5) cintigrad degree, pH water (8.5 ± 0.1) Oxygen (9.58 ± 0.2) mg /lwas measured. Results of the fatty acid profile showed that treatment of 3 and 4 higher precent PUFA and HUFA were significant. And enriched with Vitamin C in the early days of fish fed with increasing activeA group of essential fatty acids and is associated with increased survival rate (p<0.05). Brachionus calyciflorus With Other freshwater rotifer along the first three to four days active feeding larvae, live food, sometimes a good live meal, sometimes working in htchery and farming before will be release.

In order to determine increment for afforestation (populus deltoides) Haftdaghanan in Somesara region in18-years-old (west Guilan province-Iran) (parts 5-1 & 5-2),114 trees were selected in 17 sample plot(400m2), based on their distribution in diameter classes from 15 to 55 cm (in 5 cm diameter interval). First several quantitative factors including diameter at breast height, diameter at 0.65 (m) of height, diameter at 0. 1 (m) of height and diameter at stump area were measured by using diameter tape and also tree height were measured by sounto, just the trees felled. After cutting the trees, the length and diameter from breast height up to the length where diameter is 7 (cm) was measured by using diameter tap, and also it is performed for remaining parts and branches. The results show that mean survival rate is 74.11%, mean height 33.51 (m) and mean annual of height increment is 1.86 (m), mean diameter at breast height 35.60 (cm) and mean annual of diameter increment1.97 (cm), basal area per hectare 18.45 (m2/ha), volume per hectare 535.71 (m3/ha) and mean annual of volume increment 29.76 (m3/ha).

In order to study genetic diversity of peanut genotypes in both drought stress and normal moisture conditions by the molecular method by using electrophoresis polyacrylamid gel electrophoresis, an experiment was conducted in agriculture department of Islamic Azad University of Lahijan branch in 1390. In this experiment the diversity of genotypes on the basis storage protein of seed was studies. Among electrophoresis methods 10 and 5 percent of concentration polyacrylamid successively for the main and basic gel together 50ml of concentration buffer, 5μl of sample quantity in the hole and two hour coloring for achieving the best resolution of bands was identified. The results electrophoresis of the protein 8-12 bands on the gel which the bands with high molecular weight and best resolution for study was identified. Cluster analysis for base banding pattern, separated genotypes to three and four groups in drought and non-drought stress, respectively. In both conditions (drought and normal) 2 monomorphism and 6 polymorphism groups was observed.

Grey Heron (Ardea cinerea) is one of the biodiversity indicator species of wetlands and its important roles in aquatic ecosystems is been recognized. This species breeds in Siahkeshim protected area in edge of Bahambar River on the willow trees, yearly. In this study the breeding success,, Phenology Breeding and the daily survivorship rate this species in Siakeshim protected area of Anzali wetland was been studied during from February to June 2008. The average number of eggs (91 eggs) was 4.33+0.68, whereas the average number of hatched eggs and the average number of chicks that arrived to flying age were 80.2% and 78.02%, respectively. 3.38 chicks in average arrived to flying age per each nest in this region. the Mayfield’s daily survivorship rate (in 95% confidence limits) in stages of before the eggs hatchling, nesting and post-nestling was 0.971, 0,993 and 1, respectively. Also, this daily survivorship rate has the same trend with the maximum likelihood, and represents that this rate increase of eggs hatchling to post-nestling stages. In general, the results represents that Siahkeshim protected area more suitable situation for breeding of grey heron, in compare with studied colonies of other regions. But the effective management acts for conservation and rehabilitation of colonies must be performed.

Evaluation of toxic metal concentration in soil and plants in environment are the most important subject according to the ecosystem health. This study was carried out in Tehran City to investigation the density of lead in urban polluted soils with tree species such as Pine (Pinus Eldarica Medw.), Cypress (Cupressus arizonica Greene.), Locuat tree (Robinia peseudoacacia L.), Ash (Fraxinus rotundifolia Mill.) and Elm tree (Ulmus carpinifolia var umbraculifera Rehd.). For this aim in summer season in polluted sites (Azadi, Bahman and Bazar) and controlled site (Aghdasiyeh), Considering the main wind direction, one Transect is selected and sample collected from leaves and surface root was done with statistical method in completely randomized design with three replicates and lead content density in each samples were determined by Atomic absorbtion instrument model varian 220. Result of studies indicated that Pine, Cypress and Locust tree species the highest value of lead concentration and translocation factor is 14.39 ppm, 11.91 ppm, 9.72 ppm and 3.49, 2.99, 2.82 respectively. These recent three species are used for phytoremediation of lead in the same conditions.

Considering the importance of urban parks and green spaces and their role in urban life, this study undertook evaluation of parks and urban green spaces in District 8, Tehran. It is a descriptive-comparative research. Based on theories and concepts, as well as on the world and national cases, evaluation of the parks in District 8 was conducted. Accordingly, major parks were evaluated at different scales such as zone, neighborhood, and neighborhood unit. A researcher-designed survey whose validity was approved by experts and whose reliability was determined at 95% was carried out. The results were categorized into two groups, i.e. qualitative and quantitative. Per capita green space in District 8 is estimated to be 4.2 m2 which is minute in comparison with Tehran’s per capita green space, estimated at 28.9 m2. Furthermore, inappropriate distribution and low ecological function, especially in spring and summer, are among the weaknesses of the district green spaces. The district parks do not have favorable condition in terms of safety and security. This leads to fewer visits and less use by different age groups. Inadequate number and diversity of facilities and installations of the parks, and also lack of public participation with respect to park management are among the negative points. As far as superstructure is considered, the parks comply with the existing standards.

In order to study of effects different amounts of nitrogen fertilizer and plant spacings on rice agronomical characteristics (line 216), an experiment in split format based on randomized complete block design (RCBD) with four replication in Rice Research Institute of Iran, Rasht, in 2000 was conducted. In this experiment main factor included four nitrogen levels (n1= 75 kg/ha, n2= 100 kg/ha, n3=125 kg/ha and n4=150 kg/ha) and sub factor included three plant spacings (a1= 15×15 cm, a2= 20×20 cm and a3= 25×25 cm). the studied traits consist of grain yield, straw yield, plant height, 1000 grain weight, number of grains in main and sub panicle, number of bearer and non-bearer tillers, percentage of unfilled grains, length of main and sub panicle and harvest index. The effects of nitrogen levels and plant spacing and also these interaction effects in more studied traits showed a significant difference in 1 % probability level. The highest grain yield was obtained by 100 kg/ha nitrogen with 4542 kg/ha. The plant spacing of 20×20 cm with 4206 kg/ha was recorded the maximum grain yield.

Large colonies of gulls used to gather near and around the delta of Cheshmeh Kileh River at central south of Caspian sea during Autumn and Winter every year. A study has been undertaken to identify species and population numbers of the gulls and to find out whether feeding them artificially is a good action or not! Six colonies of Gulls identified visiting and wintering in this area regularly. A total of 21859 Gulls have been counted during the six months survey, and the largest colony belong to Black-headed Gull (11319), while the lowest were Little Gull (26), and the peak of all colonies(2703) occurred on January/15/2009. Many attempts have been done in order to analyze and compare different views by use of SPSS software. As there were 17 variables with 50 different answers, therefore, it was very difficult to reach to a rational point. However, it was tried to deal with all the information and analyze them so that enable us to find 2 charts with different areas under them. The results were shown in the text and attachments. All the birds leave the area during a week after the first half of April/2010. Different views agree or disagree with hand feeding the gulls were evaluated and it was concluded that artificially (hand) feeding Gulls has adverse effects on their life and should be prevented.