LANGUAGE RELATED RESEARCH (COMPARATIVE LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE RESEARCH)
Year:2015 | Volume:5 | Issue:4 (20)|Papers Count:11

In the present study, which has been done from critical discourse analysis perspective, the authors focus on the media news, since it is the media that puts as a topic of discourse analysis more than other texts. The general purpose of the present paper is based on an analytical framework in order to study the order of the contemporary media discourse. The authors intend to analyze the nonverbal factor influences on the choice of words used in the media news. In general, the data, which have been used in this research, are Persian news of four radios including Iran, USA, Farda, and Israel. The authors are going to analyze them in the framework of the strategies such as lexical generalization, address forms, and over lexicalization. The methodology of the research is comparative in which the shared news of the studied radios are compared to each other.

Every story is formed from a strong link between two elements of surface and structure. In structuralism, narrative is considered as a structure, which has been studied by theorists such as Algirdas Julius Greimas (1917-1992) to find its components and provide a basic pattern for this structure.Algirdas Julius Greimas was a structuralist and semantic theorist, also a follower of Vladimir Propp (1895-1970). He introduced the theory of Actantial model for the narrative. This model aims to reveal the role of the characters of a narrative, and helps to indentify the characters by linking action and character to each other.In this research, we studied the Ilahi-name of Attar based on the modern literary theories including structuralist narratology, semantic pattern of Greimas, and morphological pattern of Gerard Genette. In addition, the narrative function of two stories of Ilahi-name, the “Pious Woman” and “Daughter of Ka’b and Her Love”, has been interpreted according to the narrative model of Greimas. We further studies stories by recognizing the situations of the narrative discourse (based on the focalization theory of Gerard Genette), and also the plot, i.e. Actantial model (six actants: sender/receiver, subject/object, supporter/oppositionist), to analyze the tales based on semantic square (le carré sémiotique).

One of the analyzable concepts in discourse is value and valuer; valuer determines other values' occurrence, and other values are formed and oriented in its shadows. This research using analytical method and semiotique approach, tries to analyze interactivity and contrasting of value systems of discourse, as we as the formation of “power and reputation” valuer and the role of emotional conditions that are dissociated in this formation process. At the end and after analyzing Rostam and Sohrab discourse systems, we will see that “power and reputation” are values that the basis of value system of discourse is based upon them but the powerful presence of affection runs up against this valuer formation process. Therefore, narrative program of subjective agent to access the value object (meaning) is subject to change. Also object value changes its position and becomes an impediment to achieve the object value.Also using emotional process pattern to show disappointment and regret formation in Rostam after Sohrab dead, his critical condition in the story, and fear of being judged by the addressee, the effort he has made to maintain his ideological position and release himself from this situation is the main achievement of this article.

The visual narrative stories are known as heterogeneous narratives. However, they represent the same characteristics. The most important trait is to replace the spatio-temporal continuity of an event with a series of elements that can be called "event" in the case of verbal narrative, and "plans" in the case of film narrative. In general, narrative structures are more superficial than deep structures. The latter is responsible for coordination and spatio-temporal location of the text that is being formed; it further decides on the actorial roles that the subject will be called upon to occupy. Accordingly, the background and foreground, the value of the plan, and the angle of view among other options are chosen.

The “Persian Gulf”, as a very important geopolitical region known as global heartland, is the third great gulf of the world. There have been some controversies over the name of this region in recent few decades, and recently some Persian Gulf Arab states or sometimes American and European institutes have tried to coin the fake name of “Arab Gulf” instead.In this paper, after reviewing the literature and historical and international documents, we study the naming strategy of international media toward the name of this important geographical entity. We compare the frequency, genre and content of the articles and news in which four referring expressions of “Arabic/Arab/Arabian/Persian Gulf” have been used within the Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) framework. The data are gathered from Time magazine archive (1923-2008) and Contemporary Corpus of American English (COCA) (1990-2012).The findings of this article show that, comparing with other terms, the usage of the term “Persian Gulf” is considerably and undeniably more than the other three terms in a way that in Time magazine archive, there are 969 and in COCA corpus, 5003 cases of “Persian Gulf” usages while this number is around a hundred for all of the three coined words.The results further shows that while Persian Gulf is widely used context freely as default name, “Arab Gulf” term is mostly used in economic context, especially in those news and articles, which are about the “oil”.

Tâti is one of the languages, which besides applying other means such as agreement and word order, uses case marking of dependents to show the grammatical relations in a sentence. Tâti is among the North-west Iranian languages. Tâti dialects are dispersed in some cities and villages in Ardebil, Qazvin, Zanjan and Gilan provinces. The Tâti variety studied in this article is the Dəravi variety, which is spoken in Khalkhâl. This article intends to study the case system of Dəravi. Although this variety of Tâti has retained some ancient characteristics, its case system has not been studied yet. This variety is highly endangered as its young speakers immigrate to neighboring cities in search of work, and they no longer transmit their mother language to the next generations.

Cognitive poetics includes a theory of analogical mapping, which shows employing different skills of finding similarities, relationships, and structural systems. Microstructure could be considered as parts or constrains of sentences in a discourse, while macrostructure is a large-scale statement of the content of a text. If some common schemata cover these both structures, this part-whole relation will map the macrostructure of the text through some paratextual and cohesive elements on all texts of the stories in a collection, and will create an untold story, a macrofiction. In fact, this untold story has a main role in the interpretation of the “Conference of the Birds”. The aim of this study is to investigate how the macrostructure influences the structuring of each story of the world text of the “Conference of the Birds” (1177), a well-known Persian poem, by cognitive poetics approach. The author is going to demonstrate how the macrostructure leads to creating a macrofiction, which offers a new reading of the text.Moreover, it examines how macro-fiction and system mapping may interact in a literary text like the “Conference of the Birds” and what is the result of their interaction.This study posits, firstly, how the concepts of variety (multiplicity) and unity (oneness) assume to construct the macro- and micro-structures of the “Conference of the Birds” through the system mapping, and how the text leads to a new structure, called macrofiction. Secondly, how macrofiction could have an effect on the reading of the text.Consequently, the concept and structure of the “Conference of the Birds” are in harmony, so the variety and a large number of the birds who desire to reach phoenix (Simorgh) are represented in the course of different and various stories concerning the same pattern. As a result, studying the text world by this approach could provide a suitable device for analyzing a text and its macro-structures through conceptual mappings as a step forward in the area of literary critic.

This paper aims to investigate the ways in which socio-linguistic parameters such as gender contribute into the turn organization of defense sessions. Interruption plays an important role in the organization of turn taking in the interactions of defense sessions. The current paper is then primarily focused on the description and analysis of interruptions in the interactions of dissertation defense sessions of Persian speakers using the “community of practice” approach. A number of discourse and pragmatic functions (e.g. defense, directiveness, cooperation, competition, etc.) have been identified for interruptions in relation to the power relations of interlocutors in the interactions. Apart from qualitative analysis, some quantitative findings have been provided for further clarification. The analysis of data shows that it is mainly the social status of a speaker that influences the types and frequency of interruption rather than his/her gender. In other words, the social variable does not play an important role in the interruption for turn organization in the defense sessions of Persian speakers.

Telling or not telling story clearly distinguishes between narrative and non-narrative texts. As in narrative texts, there is a narrator, so there should be at least one audience. The most important factors, which determine the characteristics of the audience can be enumerated as: “level of narrative”, “level of narrator’s participation” and “level of his/her perception”. Here, in addition to explanation of two kinds of inter- and extra- text audience, we try to introduce direct and indirect signs of the presence of the audience. Thus the essential questions, which form the foundation of our study, are: “What is the difference between narrative and non-narrative texts?”, “How direct and indirect signs of the presence of the audience manifest in a story?” and the last question is: “What’s the meaning of inter- and extra- text audience in a text?”.This study through descriptive-analytic method and use of library resources represents direct and indirect signs of presence of the audience and it also explains differences between inside and outside the text audience in stories and narrative texts. The results of this study show that inside the text audience is identical with imagery addressee and outside the text audience is a real reader.

Metaphor and its cultural specific attributes in translation is one of the main challenges in translatology. Translatability of metaphor is reduced due to its cultural impediments. This paper aims to investigate the relationship of metaphor to cultural models in translation. Three quatrains by Khayyam and their English and Kurdish translations were investigated. The results showed that the translators have succeeded in achieving equivalency when the metaphors are based on common cultural models, while the metaphors of uncommon cultural models are not properly transmitted. So the same mapping condition of Mandelblit’s theory is due to common cultural models, and different mapping condition is due to uncommon cultural models.