PERSIAN LITERATURE (BAHARESTAN SOKHAN)
Year:2014 | Volume:9 | Issue:24|Papers Count:11

The Bayhaghi History, one of the most valuable works in the Farsi Language in the 5th century, has importance in literary and historical features. Bayhaghi, the secretary, (384-470 A.H) has pointed out to many customs such as: letter and letter-writing. In addition to historic and literary value, he has expressed some of Iranian cultures in his work. This characteristic is also seen in the Shahnameh.Hakim Abulghassem Ferdowsi, the great Persian epic poet (329-411) has tried to preserve and eternize some of the Iranian rich culture and civilization. He has specified most of the traditions of communications between kings, great men, heroes, and social classes through letter-writing and sending messages.In this essay, by introducing the correspondence office and its duty in the Ghaznawid Dynasty, we’ll survey the joint aspects of letter-writing in the Bayhaghi and the Shahnameh, even though they don’t belong to the same period of time. The similarities of these two works are posed from the view points of: writing, tone, topic, and kinds of customary letter-writings in the courts. It seems that Ferdowsi has paid more attention to the texts of the letters, their detailed correspondence than Bayhaghi.

The Bustan of Sa’di has been expounded by the endeavor of literary men and researchers in and out of Iran and translated into Turkish, Arabic and other languages. Its manuscript has been corrected several times and marginal notes have been added to it. Sorury’s expounding to it is considered the first step out of Iran. Having briefly introduced Sorury’s work and his explanations on the Bustan, his other manuscripts will be introduced. The same will be accomplished by offering other evidences. Its oldest copy (existing in Islamic consultative parliament) which was written in the author’s lifetime (961 A. H.) is a base for this study and has been compared with other copies. The National Library copy is more complete and its problems in words and letters are fewer than those of the copy of the parliament and it seems that its transcriber was more precise than the other writers. Considering that his copy (after the original copy) is older than the other ones and has fewer ambiguities and deficiencies, it can retaliate the problems of other copies.

In addition to familiarity with cinema and its general idioms, Shahriar had a deep understanding of the seventh art which becomes evident by studying the concepts of specialized movie idioms in his poetry. One of the key subjects in the film direction is the harmonic assembly of icons, scenes, characters which lead to film production in the end. Shahriar, with his intrinsic genius and by using the movie concepts like: vision transfer, cut, flickering cut, parallel cut, jump, post view, preview, sound manifestations, vertical and horizontal twist of the camera movements, suitable cuts, light contrast, amid cuts, and open, shut, big, remote, general and close icons, editing the intelligent narration and laying out perfect sequences of the film on the view of spectators has been able to compose a perfect poetry in “The Fate of Love”.We’ve tried to analyze it by the narrative edition from the view point of film making. The result of the study shows that Shahriar had profound appreciation of the movie arts and his poetry is of highest capabilities of being made into a film.

We have studied, in this research, the methods of constructing the past tense and its quality in the two languages of Azari Turkish and Farsi language in a comparative method. From the structural point of view and the number of verb components and their characteristics and combining methods there appeared absolute difference between them; and in the sense and application of past tense their similarities were much more than the their differences. Since Azarbaijani Turkish grammar is more systematic than Farsi, the extent and diversity of past tense and its components such as determinants, mid-fixes, and auxiliary and sub-auxiliary verbs are more than those of Farsi Language. A past tense in Azarbaijani Turkish has sometimes numerous structures which are not seen in Farsi Language.

The application of controversial or question and answer method has a long history in Persian Literature; and most of the famous poets have benefited from it since the old times, among the Persian poets, although there were outstanding debaters, the most skillful and instructive samples of exquisite social debates are composed by his Excellency Maulavi and Parvin E’tesami. It is obvious that nobody could penetrate in the hearts of people and have general acceptance more than Maulana and Parvin E’tesami. The debates of “the drunk and wise” and “the drunk and sober” are considered the best among the other works which can be discussed from different angles. The reader pays attention to the daily problems in these kinds of poetry, the logical speculations of the poets in recognition of the social realities of the different ranks of people and correctly grasping of their ideas are posed to public. This research deals with the comparative studying of stylistic, structural, and thematic analysis of these two agreeable discussions.

The poets who are mystics and mystical poets, as it is understood from their remaining works, don’t limit themselves to the constraints of pure poetry and if they recited a verse or created a rhymed work, it was more about instruction, illumination, and explanation of immaterial problems to the audience.Although Attar, in every part of his work, doesn’t consider himself a poet and doesn’t want to be called by this title, on the basis of what he has learned from mysticism, is on the apogee of mystical humility. We have tried, in this essay, to look at his poetic glories as a poet through his verses, and by evaluating it, we want to show that Attar, on his apogee of mystical humility, has appeared to be as a unique character in the field of poetic self-glorification.

In constitution era of Iran and beginning of resistance in Palestine, the people’s stance and role in the political events were so impressive that affected literature, especially poetry; so that poetry was merely changed into an instrument for talking to ordinary people. Aref Ghazwini and Ebrahim Toghan were of two poets of literature for the Iranian and Palestine resistance and this phenomenon is extensively and obviously seen in their poems, and in fact these two were committed and obliged poets who by political intentions and intervening in the country’s affairs and opposing and criticizing of the leaders and officials of the country indirectly criticized the problems of the time. Therefore, the focus of these two poets on the society and mass of people, as the most influential matter, have been surveyed here. The different utilization of these two poets with expression tools to communicate with people and make them aware of the problems were their prime interest. Aref’s sarcastic language was sometimes mixed with obscene and vulgar words; while Toghan, despite having biting, domineering words, keeps his eloquency and dignity of his speech. They always argued that the cause of the destruction of the country was in relation with people’s ignorance and lack of political view. Therefore they sometimes alluded to the previous glory of the people and used religious phenomena to arouse patriotism in the masses of people and in this way they took advantage of any art and innovation they had within their reach.

One of the world’s distinguished epics is the Shahnameh. Many orientalists, from all over the world, have surveyed this great work from various aspects, either methodogically, or from epic, literary, cultural, and social point of view; however, the comparative research of this great work with other epics of the world has attracted the specific attention of researchers and valuable studies have been done on it. Regretfully it must be said that ‘ The Dada Gurgud’ has no place in these studies. It is also strange that even some of the experts in the domain of comparative literature don’t know it, let be the ordinary people. As far as we know, only a limited number of essays have been written about it in Farsi Language in old times which is a noticeable step in its propagation such as Abdolali Karang and Dr. Hossein Mohammad Zadeh Seddighi’s essays. Dr. Mohammad Hariri has recently translated it into Farsi which without any doubt it will be a starting point to future researchers in this domain. These two works are similar to each other from many points and studying them needs extensive opportunity. One of the similarities is the athletic behavior. We’ve tried to offer the quality and quantity of them In this summary.

One of the most effective ways of satisfying the abnegating addressee is reasoning. To express the message or prove a matter, one must bring reasons. There is no need, of course, to say that the reason should be so strong and decisive that can establish it to the others and if needed to apologize by its help. Then, reasoning is a strict expression to prove a subject. Now, if someone brings a reason for something that doesn’t have firmness or doesn’t materialize anything, it creates a kind of irony and if the speaker is a social critic, the reader’s mind immediately goes toward the social satisfactory reason and intentionally uses a weak and sometimes an opposite reasoning. There is no doubt that whenever the reader who expects exquisite points from Hafez, he encounters weak reasoning in his poetry and understands that Hafez intended to criticize the hypocrite and false ascetics. I call this art of Hafez, as my master Dr. Shamisa called it “the reverse reasoning”. My aim is to introduce one of Hafez’s excellent points; be it accepted by Hafez’s adorers.

One of the important ways of recognizing of the cultural background and thinking, scientific, literary and lingual conditions of the past people is having knowledge about their written works. By correcting and reviving each one of the works which are left untouched in the corners of libraries one can attain precise information and have correct judgement on the Iranian culture and literary background. “The Riazoljanna“ (the paradise gardens) is a useful encyclopedia which, in addition to having literary and dignitary value, includes the social and political conditions of Khoy in the lifetime of the writer, too. To write this book, the author has studied a great number of other books. This book has eight “Rozeh” or chapters, the 7th of which I have corrected is about the biography of ministers, leaders, and some calligraphers. Regarding the literary and historical importance of the Riazoljanna in this essay, it has been emphasized not only on the introduction of the writer and his book and its characteristics, but also on the revival, correction and publishing one of the literary heritages of the country.

Tone and narrative expression are the basic characteristics of Akhawan Saless poetry. He is considered the most imminent narrative poet in the contemporary sphere of poetry. Akhawan’s intrinsic tendency toward narration has put inclusive impact on the structure, language, and content of his poetry. Akhawan has adapted his poetic norms with the narration possibility and has brought its components under the dominance of tone and narrative expression. The language norms of Akhawan’s poetry is such that has created necessary bed for narration and made him play the role of a narrating poet; or put himself in the position of a narrator poet. Akhawan has created narratives which have poetic and narrative aspects together which can be more than ordinary story and at the same time keep its poetic competencies. Most of his masterpieces and brilliant works have been created on narration and narrative capacities. Akhawan’s poetic approach toward narration and narrative expression has different ponderable forms and manifestations which I’ve tried to deal with them in this essay.