MOSKUYA
Year:2013 | Volume:8 | Issue:25|Papers Count:8

Although, many of the cultural elements of Iran were exposed to destruction during the early years of Monguls attack, but after a short period we observe a kind of cultural reproduction during this period. The materialistic and intellectual support of scholars and researcher and establishing the great scientific centers such as the observatories under the cover of great endowment centers provided the arrangements for this objective. In the present paper, the meaning of cultural development in fact is the everyday expansion of values and the cultural epitomes of Iran during the Mongul and Ilkhanid rule through the measures taken by Nasiroddin Tousi and his students. The writer has tried by establishing the balance among the indices of Iranian culture expansion such as: the rate of qualitative and quantitative development of education and learning, creating the appropriate atmosphere/environment for scientific research and cultural creativity, and the expansion of special signs and symbols of culture through observatory tools, books transcription and different scientific productions in the under study field, find the signs of Iranian culture. The writer by using the historical method has tried to compare the research sources and the researches carried out with the main sources and engage in their study and criticism if differences exist in it. In this research, regardless the introduction of the scientific domain of Nasiriyeh and its scientific productions has emphasized on the introduction and tracing the scientific activities of Khowaje Nasir’s students and the important role they played in protecting the revival chain of Iranian culture.

The present article surveys the penal punishments of women in ancient Iran from Achaemenid dynasty until the end of Sassanid dynasty. The question is that what factor or factors played a role in women’s penal punishment in ancient Iran. This research benefits from attributive and historical research methods and the subject is thereby defined and surveyed. Studying Pahlavi books such as Ardaviraf Nameh and Vandidad which are now accessible, we can identify some of the punishments for women in the subject era plus, it can be concluded that the significant and inducing factors on this topic are influenced by the interior and exterior circumstances of the ancient Iranian society. Some examples of those influencing factors are family, the government, religious guidelines and nations’ laws. As an instance, if a woman was disloyal to her husband, it was the husband who punished the woman. If a man committed a sin, his daughter or sister would receive the punishment by the official authority in return. Most of the punishments mentioned in Ardaviraf Nameh and Vandidad books are in accordance with their religious guidelines. Adulteress women were also punished according to nations’ laws.

Amir Alishir Navai is one of the famous politicians and humanists of the Timorid Era. His unique political and cultural perspective gave him a special position in Iranian cultural history. Investigating different aspects of his unique character is the subject of this paper. This paper reviews some of his great works such as: his political posts, his influence on Turkish literature, his role in spreading Iranian culture beyond Iran, providing the foundation for new schools of thought, and also writing different dictionaries.

From the early years of 19th century, Iran was situated on the route of reformism and modernism thoughts due to developing its political-economical relationships with European countries and unwanted entering into the western capitalist system cycle. Contrary to many developed countries in Western Europe in which the process of modernization and political-economical changes is started and sustained by new middle class; in Qajar era, reforms were done by the high class and reformist and bureaucratic elements such as Mirza Taghi Khan Amirkabir, Mirza Hossein Khan Sepahsalar and Mirza Alakhan Amin-al-Doleh due to the existence of an authoritarian political, social and cultural structure and lack of a powerful modernist social class. Therefore, these reforms had authoritarian essence. In other words, reforms of Qajar era were done towards the modernization of military, administrative and financial structure of country and consolidation of federal government in Iran. Since these reforms weakened the situation and interests of some countries, traditional bureaucrats and part of traditional powerful elements in society, reforms encountered new obstacles in its sustainability process. Along with the reforms which were done by the high class and reformist bureaucrats of Qajar dynasty, the modernist intellectuals also began to disseminate their own ideas and thoughts which were inspired from the thoughts of humanism, nationalism, liberalism, socialism and secularism in western world. The modernist intellectuals intended to get in contact with modernist scholars and to integrate their own common thoughts with Islamic context and concepts. But failure of reforms in Naseri and Mozaffari periods, made preparations for constitutional revolution.

Hafeze- Abru, the most famous and overwrought historian in 9th century, has some works which are considered in the most important texts group of Islamic- Iranian texts. His works are treasury of political- military information in the Timurid period. This article tries to study the historiography method of Hafeze- Abru by using analytical- descriptive method. Therefore, configuration, contents of Hafeze- Abru works, information resources, historiography characteristics, prose, his depiction and historiography method are the most important topiocs.The findings of this research show that in terms of shape and configuration, the works of Hafeze- Abru are a set of general historiography, dynastical historiography and post scripting. In writing his works, the historian has used written and oral resources and his observations. His historiography characteristics include being grammatical writing of history, paying attention to political- military history and dominance and autonomy of monarchy viewpoint. In writing his works, Hafeze- Abru has used a kind of prose style between simple prose and duty prose; since Hafeze- Abru has used descriptive method based on the lack of critic viewpoint and pallor in social and causal insight, his historiography approached to logging; Also he couldn’t guide his historical insight outside the traditional boundaries by approaching to the historical impartiality.

Azerbaijan historically has always been considered as one of the most important states of Iran and it has long history according to the written sources and documents and considered as one of the most sensitive and strategic centers in the history of the Earth, but this state always subject to various events. Division Amir Abdullah Khan was military characteristic who on behalf of Amir Reza Khan Sardar Sepah take mission to bring new life to the state, Abdullah Tahmasebi had lot of effort in the way of expand the security and prosperity of Azerbaijan.In this paper, we try to show most important measures of Abdullah Amir Tahmasebi as a military person in Pahlavi era according to new resource and documents and show the way he struggle with the problems and how can assess the consequences of his actions and the results of the analysis.