JOURNAL OF CROP BREEDING
Year:2018 | Volume:10 | Issue:26 |Papers Count:20

Decrease the plant height using the Rht genes is one of the main strategies to improve the resistance to lodging and fertilization and to increase the productivity in wheat. In Iran, like to other parts of world, these genes are entered to new introduced and released varieties. To study allelic diversity of two main dwarf genes (Rht-D1b and Rht-B1b) and their effects on morphological traits of 98 Iranian wheat cultivars, this study was conducted in filed and molecular level using specific STS-PCR primers. Correlation analysis among morphological traits such as plant height, final leaf number, spike length and days to heading with dwarfism alleles was done. Results showed that the highest percentage of allelic composition was related to Rht B1-b/Rht D1-a with 66. 33%. Also 82. 65% of the studied cultivars at least carried one of the dwarfism alleles that it verify the entrance of dwarfism genes into Iranian wheat cultivars. Only plant height had negative and significant correlation with dwarfism alleles (r=-0. 571**). The results of cluster analysis showed that genotypes were classified into 3 groups. The first group, have Rht B1-b/Rht D1-a genotype, Group II have Rht B1-a/Rht D1-b genotype and the third group have Rht B1-a/Rht D1-a genotype. Proper using of these genes in breeding programs can improve lodging resistance and also increase grain yield in wheat.

Current research was performed to identify molecular markers associated to phonological traits including days to tillering, days to stem elongation, days to heading, days from stem elongation to heading, grain filling period and days to physiological maturity based on 407 AFLP and SSR markers in 148 barley cultivars by association mapping. This experiment was conducted in two alpha lattice designs with five incomplete blocks in two replications under normal and salt stress (EC=12 dsm-1) conditions in Agriculture and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, Yazd, Iran in 2015-16. Association mapping was evaluated based on mixed linear model (MLM) using Structure and Tassel soft wares. Based on the 407 markers used in this study, population genetic structure subdivided into two subpopulations (K=2) that barplot results also confirmed it. In association mapping based on MLM, 4 and 46 markers showed significant relation with assessed traits under normal and salt stress, respectively and explained considerable variations of studied traits. In this study, some co-localized QTLs were identified for studied traits. Common markers between of traits can be due to pleiotropic effects or linkage between of genomic regions involved in these traits. Results of the current study presented useful information about the genetic basis of the studied traits and can be used in different barley breeding programs including marker-assisted selection.

Drought and changes in weather conditions, cause damage and reduce their agricultural products. The fact that durum wheat, after common wheat or Simultaneous with that, is one of the major sources of food supplies, makes it a necessity to identify its drought tolerant species. This article reports an experiment on the impact of different levels of drought ( 5, 10, 20, 25 percent of field capacity) on activity of antioxidant enzymes, including Catalase (CAT), Poly phenol oxidase (PPO), Ascorbate peroxidase (APX), Guaiacol peroxidase (GPX), and also some photosynthetic pigments ( Chlorophylls a, b, total Chlorophyll and Carotenoid ), as well as some osmosic regulators include Carbohydrates and Proline in durum wheat genotypes (Shabrang, Behrang, Karkhe, Aria, Dena ). This experiment was designed as a factorial randomized blocks with three repeats, conducted at the Institute for Biotechnological Research in the University of Zabol. Following planting the seeds in pots, the drought stress was introduced at the tillering stage, after which the attributes of the plants were measured. The results of analysis of variance demonstrated that the impact of genotype, drought stress, and the interaction of stress and drought were statistically significant at 1 percent and 5 percent in all the attributes under investigation. The impact of genotype and drought stress on polyphenol oxidase trait was not significant. The most significant effects observed were those of 5 percent watering level of the capacity on antioxidant activity and osmos regulator. The results of this study indicated that in the conditions of this experiment, Behrang and Karkheh genotypes determined the highest level of photosentises pigments and Shabrang genotype have most level of antioxidant activity and Karkheh genotype have highest level of proline and carbohydrate contain, identifying it as a drought tolerant species.

Nigella sativa L. (black cumin) belonging to the Ranunculaceae family, is one of the most important medicinal plants and wild and cultivated forms of this plant is used in Iran. Genetic diversity of 27 accessions of N. Sativa L. from different places of Iran was characterized by morphological characteristics and data was analyzed using univariate and multivariate analyses. ANOVA revealed high significant differences among the accessions based on all of the measured characteristics. Phenotypic and genotypic coefficients of variation were high for most traits indicating high diversity of the studied traits. Correlation coefficients among traits showed that plant height had significantly positive correlation with all traits. Principal component analysis indicated that the first two principal components with eigenvalues more than 1 explained 83/35% of the variability among the accessions. Cluster analysis based on Euclidean distance, divided the accessions into four major groups. Considering the grouping, there was no relationship between genetic diversity and geographical distance of the accessions. The results suggested that there is a considerable genetic variation among N. sativa L. accessions.

With the aim of comparing the grain yield and yield components of 16 oilseed rape (Brassica napus L. ) mutant lines with cultivars Talayeh, Zarfam, Express and Okapi as check cultivar an experiment was conducted based on randomized complete block design with three replications during 2015-2016 cropping season in experimental field of Seed and Plant Improvement Institute (SPII) in Karaj. Analysis of variance showed significant differences among the genotypes in length of vegetation period, seed and oil yield. The results showed that the mutant line Z-800-6 had the most grain and oil yield compared to Okapi. The maximum and minimum number of days to maturity was related to mutant lines T-800-6 (256 days) and Exp-900-1 (238 days), respectively. Principal component analysis indicated that three principal components explained more than 79 percent of the variation and were correlated with grain yield, flowering time and oil yield respectively. Stepwise regression analysis showed that number of pod per plant and per main stem, pod length on main stem and 1000-grain weight explained the most of the variation of yield suggesting that they can be used as indices for increasing grain and oil yield in oilseed rape breeding.

In order to study on allelic diversity of low-molecular-weight glutenin subunit (LMW-GS) 15 bread wheat cultivars with good, average and poor baking qualities were selected using four primers. The increase and reduce of repetitive units’ length were examined through designing and synthesizing of primers based on the glutenin subunits structure with low molecular weight and both sides of repetitive sequences. For all primers, the banding patterns of reproducible units were scored based on 0 and 1. Primer 15/2A differentiated Dez, Falat and Shirudi as poor quality cultivars. The cultivars of Sirvan and Golestan by primer 15/7A, Niknezhad by 22/7D and Sirvan and Morvarid by 25/5B were differentiated for baking quality. Using PopGene 1. 31 software, the average number of observed and effective allells, Nei gene variation index and Shannon information index was calculated as 2, 1. 23, 0. 18 and 0. 32, respectively. Further, in order to determine the differentiation power of the primers, polymorphic information content (PIC) were calculated for each primer and primer 15/2A showed the highest PIC. Using the results of akrylamide gel and cluster analysis by NTSYS-pc 2. 2 software based on Jaccard coefficient and UPGMA method, the similarity matrix results was confirmed and the cultivars were classified in 5 clusters related to baking quality trait. Present study revealed that repetitive unit length in LMW-GS as well as the factors such as the cysteine amino acids number of this proteins, Pharinograf quality number and other reologic indexes can provide general insights related to backing quality trait.

In the present study, genetic diversity among 41 lines and genotypes of canola including 19 open-pollinated and hybrid cultivars, 17 promising lines and 5 double-haploid lines were determined using simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers related on drought tolerance QTLs. Thirty-six selected primers produced 166 discernible bands, with 157 (94. 58%) being polymorphic, indicating considerable genetic diversity among lines and genotypes. The polymorphic information content values of loci were varied from 0. 046 (FITO133) to 0. 327 (BRMS-024), respectively. The average of PIC index was estimated 0. 212. Cultivars were classified into two sub-populations according to analysis of population structure including (Talaye, Hyola420 and Hyola401 genotypes and DH1, DH5, DH8, Dh9 and DH11 double haploids) as first group and winter cultivars as second group (other cultivars and lines). Based on the analysis of molecular variance, intra-population variance was higher than inter-population variance. The results showed that average of marker index including Nei’ s gene diversity, Shannon’ s information index, the effective number of alleles were 1. 508, 0. 449 and 0. 298 respectively in line and genotypes of canola. In total, the marker wasn't found to be using it as a marker for selecting genotypes of drought tolerant used in the first step of breeding programs.

Water deficit is one of the most important abiotic factors limiting growth, which adversely affect growth and crop production. In order to study the relationship between kernel size and phenological characteristics on grain yield, 46 local bread wheat genotypes along with four varieties were evaluated in randomized complete block design with three replications under irrigation and water deficit stress conditions. Phenological characteristics including day to heading, day to flowering, day to maturity and grain filling duration, and kernel size traits including kernel length, kernel width, kernel thickness and kernel length/width ratio were measured. Analysis of variance revealed significant differences among genotypes for the studied traits. Results showed drought led to decreased grain yield (0. 49), thousand grain weight (0. 29), spike weight (0. 28), peduncle weight (0. 20), grain filling duration (0. 17), kernel width (0. 16) and increased kernel length/width ratio as compared with irrigated condition. Stepwise regression analysis revealed that under irrigated condition, spike weight, spike length and plant height justified the majority of grain yield variation, whiles under drought stressed condition grain filling duration and kernel width showed the highest impact on grain yield variation. Factors analysis identified four factors which explained 75. 4% of the total variation. On the basis of these results, it is concluded that criteria such as grain filling duration, kernel width, peduncle weight and thousand grain weight could be considered as effective criteria for selecting to improve grain yield in water-limited environments.

This study aimed to investigate the relationship between morphophysiological and phenology traits with grain yield to determine the best indices of direct and indirect selection in the field of genetic improvement of aerobic rice grain yield in Khuzestan province with 12 aerobic rice genotypes. The traits such as include the grain yield as the dependent variable and total dry matter, panicle weight, stem weight, LAI, CGR, NAR, LAR, SLA, ALW, LWR, L/S, SWR, PWR, LAD and BMD as independent variables, which were analyzed by stepwise regression at different growth stages to determine their effect on grain yield. The results showed that on 25 days after planting traits of L/S, SLA, LAI and leaf weight, on 50 days after planting traits of NAR, L/S, SWR, stem weight and BMD, on 75 days after planting traits of NAR, SLA, stem and LAR, on 100 days after planting traits of CGR, stem, L/S, LAR and PWR and on 125 days after planting traits of CGR, NAR, SLA, L/S and leaf affected the grain yield. In order from the beginning to the end of the growth, traits of L/S, NAR, panicle weight, CGR and CGR had caused the greatest changes in the grain yield. According to the critical period of growth, CGR was the most effective trait on the grain yield because of allocation of more assimilates in the reproductive growth instead of vegetative growth during grain filling period, thus it can be an important objective in the breeding researches.

To evaluate genetic diversity and to determine the relationships between yield and other importante traits among bean genotypes, an experiment was conducted in Random Completely Block Design (RCBD) with three repetitions under both normal and drought stress conditions in 2015-2016 crop season on 30 bean genotypes at Tehran University research farm. The results of variance analysis indicated high variation for the most traits. Based on means comparison, the highest and the lowest seed yield in both normal and drought conditions belonged to Daneshkadeh genotype. Regression analysis showed, under normal conditions significant relationship between sheath weight related to the number of seeds per plant, harvest index and the plant height, respectively had the highest relation with seed yields and Under stress conditions, significant relationship between sheath weight related to the number of seeds per plant, internode lenght and the day to 50% poding, respectively had the highest relation with seed yields. Factor analysis in normal and drought stress conditions, identified six factors that account for 82. 7 and 85. 3 percent of variations, respectively. In both conditions, the most variations were to first and second factor, the highest percent of data variation. Then the two to obtain a distribution of genotypes and identify the coordinates were used. Under normal conditions genotypes 13, 16, 12, 6, 27 and 5 and under drought stress genotypes 15, 26, 12, 18, 16 and 29 that the first and second factors were positive and above were selected as superior genotypes. Cluster analysis in both normal and drought stress conditions classified studied genotypes into four groups. The greatest diversity was observed among genotypes for traits. Thus, by selecting and breeding for traits, Increased grain yield per plant.

Wheat is regarded as a strategic product among the cereals in the world. The bread quality of this product is affected by the physical and chemical properties of wheat gluten. In order to achieve lines with superior qualitative characteristics, gamma irradiation was applied on Roshan cultivar with high cultivation area in a cooperation between Atomic Energy Organization of Iran and the International Atomic Energy Agency. To investigate the effect of gamma irradiation on morphological characteristics and yield, Roshan and mutant lines were grown in the farm of Zaferanieh in the Karaj city with four replications in 2016. Morphological and agronomic features of Roshan and mutant lines such as height, peduncle length, height and number of panicle, leaf area and yield were measured. After harvesting, physical and chemical properties of Roshan and the mutant lines including chemical tests (protein percentage, Zeleny number, bread volume, seed moisture percentage, seed hardness and wet gluten), Farinograph (leavening time of the dough, Farinograph quality number, dough stability, the degree of softening after 10-20 min for dough, and the valorimeter value) and Extensograph (resistance of maximum, resistance strength after 5 min, extensibility, relative resistance and the area under the curve which represents the amount of energy required for stretching the dough) tests were assessed. The results showed that Zeleny number, hardness, wet gluten and protein content increased significantly in Roshan3 line as compared with the control. Farinographic characteristics indicated that water absorption percentage, dough stability and valorimeter value increased significantly, while dough softening trait after 10 and 20 minutes reduced significantly in Roshan3 line as compared with the control. Roshan3 line increased significantly rather than the other investigated genotypes. Mutation breeding be able to improve qualitative traits in crops.

Utilization compounds like salicylic acid is one of the ways to control the salinity and reduce the damage of salinity. Salicylic acid is a phenolic compound plays a role as signaling molecule in plant tolerance system, to protect plants against stresses. The experiment was done to evaluate the effect of salinity (0, 5, 50, 100 and 200 mM) and salicylic acid (0, 100, 200 and 300 μ M) on the morphological changes and photosynthetic pigments concentration of artichoke callus. Based on the obtained results, salinity, salicylic acid and interaction effect of salinity and salicylic acid had significant effect on the growth traits and photosynthetic pigments of callus. Artichoke callus showed a relative tolerance against salt stress with accompanying by the significant increasing in callus fresh weight, dry weight and amount of chlorophyll and carotenoid accumulation. The maximum growth rate and weight was observed in culture containing 200 mM of salt and 100 μ M of salicylic acid. Accumulation of the photosynthetic pigments of callus were increased in high concentration of salinity in presence of salicylic acid, in which shows the tray of cell to adapt with stress conditions. According to the results of this study, because of the positive influence of salinity and salicylic acid on growth traits and photosynthetic compounds and finally biochemical compounds of callus, with using the suitable concentration of these (salinity and salicylic acid) can be increasing the yield and valuable compounds of callus.

The objectives of this study were to analyze genotype by environment (GE) interactions on the seed yield of 19 safflower genotypes by the additive main effects and multiplicative interactions (AMMI) model and to evaluate genotype (G), environment (E) and GE interactions using statistics parameter i. e. AMMI stability value (ASV) and ecovalence (W2i). The trials were conducted at three locations: Shirvan, Sararood and Khoramabad for two successive cropping seasons (2010-12). Main effects due to E, G, and GE interactions as well as two first interaction principal components (IPCA1-2) were found to be significant. AMMI biplot was able to distinguish stable genotypes and environments, with high and low genotype discrimination ability. The genotypes 6 and 10 with higher mean seed yield than total mean were to be most stable genotypes, while the genotypes 18 and 3 with the highest contribution to GE interaction were to be most instable.

Water deficient stress is one of the major limiting factors of wheat production in arid and semiarid areas of the world such as Iran. Under water deficient stress photosynthesis is limited and remobilization of assimilates stored in stems is more important to grain filling. In order to molecular analysis of fructan remobilization in wheat stem (penultimate) under terminal water deficit stress, T-65-7-1 mutant line (M7, the results of gamma irradiation) along with its wild type (cv. Tabasi), in terms of relative gene expression involved in biosynthesis and hydrolysis of fructan and transport of sucrose were studied. Water deficit treatment (30-40% field capacity) initiated at full heading stage (Zadoks 60) and sampling was conducted at two stages (7 and 21 days post anthesis). In the T-65-7-1 mutant line, a significant increase was observed in expression levels of genes involved in fructan biosynthesis (1-SST and 6-SFT), fructan biosynthesis (6-FEH) as well as sucrose transport (SUT1 and SUT2) compared to the wild type (cv. Tabasi). This event is due to more remobilization in T-65-7-1 mutant compared to the wild type. In T-65-7-1 mutant, during early grain filling period, 1-SST and 6-SFT produces more storage of fructan in the stem. Also, during rapid grain filling stage, 6-FEH produces more sucrose and finally, SUT1 and SUT2 transports more sucrose from stem to grain. In wheat breeding programs, 1-SST, 6-SFT, 6-FEH, SUT1 and SUT2 can be used as indicators for selecting genotypes with high fructan content and more remobilization.

Intersimple sequence repeat (ISSR) markers were evaluated in order to identify informative markers associated with drought tolerance indices in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L. ) genotypes. Eighteen ISSR primers amplified 92 loci among 20 bread wheat genotypes. Polymorphic information content (PIC) ranged from 0. 46 (UBC-857, UBC-864, UBC-867, is9) to 0. 21 (is7), with an average of 2. 05. Stepwise regression analysis between molecular data as independent variable, and parametric stability statistics as dependent variables was performed to identify informative markers associated with the parametric stability statistics. Most of the used ISSR primers showed significant association with the parametric stability statistics. Stability statistics included Finlay and Wilkinson’ s coefficient of regression, Perkins and Jinks’ s coefficient of regression, MBIW, Lin and Binns’ s superiority index, SFi and NP (2) i were explained by more primers. ISSR markers, UBC-848, UBC-869 and is5 showed the most association with stability statistics. It is possible to use these markers along with stability statistics in wheat breeding programs for identification of stable genotypes and suitable parents to produce mapping populations. Also, these results could be useful in marker-assisted breeding programs when no other genetic information is available. Some of ISSR markers were associated with more than one trait in multiple regression analysis. Such an association may arise due to pleiotropic effect of the linked quantitative trait locus (QTL) on different traits.

Given the importance of rice for food and its strategic position in the global food security, it is necessary the comprehensive study of the diversity of its germplasm to achieve high performance, quality and other important economic and agronomic traits. For this purpose, 137 rice recombinant lines from F6 population derivated from Tarom Deilamani and Saleh cultivars as maternal and paternal parents, respectively, along with four check cultivars (Tarom Deilamani, Hashemi, Saleh and Ali Kazemi) were evaluated in an augment design un four blocks for 11 important quantitative and qualitative traits. The results of analysis of variance showed a non-significant difference between studied lines for all traits except amylose content and gelatinization temperature traits. The factor analysis presented three factors that explained 87% of total variation and according to the factors loading were named related to grain number, plant type and structure and cooking quality, respectively. Cluster analysis results based on Ward's minimum variance and Square Euclidean distance criteria grouped the cultivars in three main groups that the number of groups was confirmed based on discriminant function analysis. Identification of available phenotypic variation, provide useful information in collection management and allow breeders to approach valuable genetic resources.

Salinity stress is one of the major abiotic stresses in arid and semi-arid regions of the world, such as Iran. High genetic diversity for salinity tolerance has been observed in Iranian bread wheat genotypes. In order to analyze genetic diversity and determine the most effective characteristics on salinity tolerance, 110 bread wheat genotypes were evaluated in two conditions (non-stress and saline stress) at the research field of the National Salinity Research Center (NSRC). The salinity of water used in irrigation in stress and non-stress conditions was 10 and 2 ds. m-1, respectively. The results showed that there was a significant genetic variation between studied genotypes. According to cluster analysis based on agronomical and morphological traits, genotypes were divided into 4 categories in both non-stress and stress conditions. According to the results of the means comparison of the groups in non-stress and saline stress conditions, the genotypes No. 2, 5, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 31, 35, 38, 73, 81, 97 and 98 were identified as the most salinity-tolerant genotypes. These genotypes can be utilized for salt-affected areas and also as donor parents in wheat breeding programs for further improvement of germplasm for salinity tolerance. Also, the results of factor analysis in saline stress condition indicated a positive relationship between biological yield, harvest index and chlorophyll content with seed yield. Generally, it can be concluded that chlorophyll content trait due to the low cost and easy and non-destructive measurement than other traits could be used as a suitable criterion in selecting for increased seed yield in saline stress conditions in field.

Sesame is one of the plants that due to the high content (47-52%) and high quality (low cholesterol and some antioxidants) its seed oil, important role has in human health. An experimental with objective to evaluate eight local landraces of sesame to drought stress based on grain yield and drought tolerance indices using factorial split plot design was conducted with three replications in research field of Urmia agricultural high school. The main factor was consisted different levels of irrigation, normal irrigation (irrigation after 70 mm evaporation of crop (ETc)), moderate drought stress (irrigation after 90 mm ETc) and severe drought stress (irrigation after 110 mm ETc), sub plots including two kinds of mycorrhizae fungi Glomus mosseae, Glomus intraradices and non-inoculated (control). Sub-sub plots consisted of eight local landraces of sesame with names Jiroft13, Zanjan Tarom landrace, Moghan landrace, Naz of several branches, TC-25, TS-3, Darab 14 and Dashtestan 5. Ten drought tolerance indices including mean productivity (MP), geometric mean productivity (GMP), stress tolerance index (STI), harmonic mean (HARM), yield index (YI), drought resistance index (DI), stress non-stress production index (SNPI), modified stress tolerance index in optimum irrigation (MPSTI) and modified stress tolerance index in moderate and severe stress (MSSTI) were calculated based on grain yield under well-watered (YP), moderate drought stress (YS-mild) and severe drought stress (YS-severe) conditions. Based on cluster analysis, the studied local landraces were grouped in 3 clusters in each one of water treatment conditions. Based on biplot analysis, local landraces Moghan landrace and Zanjan Tarom landrace as resistant genotypes and landrace TC-25 were classified as moderately resistant and other local landraces were somewhat susceptible.

Breeding of rice for drought tolerance requires proper evaluation and analysis of genetic diversity in breeding populations related to drought tolerance. In order to identify indices for tolerant and sensitive rice genotypes to drought stress, an experiment with 59 genotypes of rice was conducted based of a complete block design with three replications in non-stressed (flooding) and stressed conditions in 2013. Analysis of correlations between the performance of flooding and drought stress tolerance index showed that the indices SSI, STI, MP, GMP, HM and YI as are superior indices for both flooding and drought conditions. Stepwise regression analysis between microsatellite and microsatellite molecular data with indices, a total of 57 and 44, informative markers were identified respectively. The most variations based on microsatellite data on stress tolerance index (STI) was explained with 0. 541 by gene loci of RM5424-E, RM462-B, RM549-E, RM8206-C, RM7118-B, RM5424-D, RM3294-B, RM6324-B, RM5780-G and the most variations between microsatellite data based on the performance index (YI) was explained with 0. 469 by gene loci of ISSR3-1, ISSR1-6, ISSR2-8, ISSR9-1, ISSR10-8, ISSR10-10. Results of present study provided a few preliminary data for indirect selection of useful traits using molecular markers.

Canola as an oil plant that is considered as an important plant among other oilseed plants due to its high seed performance as well as oil content. Genetic diversity is necessary for breeding program and increasing selection efficiency. This study was conducted to investigate the genetic diversity and heritability of yield and some morphological traits in spring rapeseed, at Dezful, Khozestan Province Iran, during 2015– 2016. A randomized complete block design with four replications was used. Results of analysis of variance showed significant differences among genotypes for all the traits at 1 % probability level, indicating the existence of genetic diversity among the studied cultivars. The highest genotypic and phenotypic coefficient of variation was found for the 1000-grain weight, number of grain per pod and days to maturity, respectively. The highest broad sense heritability was estimated for the 1000-grain weight, days to maturity, number of grain per pod and HI and the lowest broad sense heritability was estimated for the plant height. The results of factor analysis exhibited two factors including sink factor (number of seeds per pod, 1000-seed weight and seed yield) and fixed capital factor (phonological traits). It seems that the possible to use their traits in breeding programs for improve seed yield of spring rapeseed cultivars. Using WARD method cluster analysis revealed five groups and there was, base on highest genetic distance and seed yield predict that hybridization of between Hayola401 and RGS003 genotyps could provide best hybrids and supply a desirable genetic diversity in segregated generations for breeding programs.