PLANT ECOPHYSIOLOGY (ARSANJAN BRANCH)
Year:2019 | Volume:11 | Issue:36 |Papers Count:26

In order to determine the pattern of weed emergence in potatoes the experiment was conducted in 2014-2015 at two places in agricultural research stations Alarogh and Samian in the city of Ardabil-Iran. Each week after potatoes planting emergence weeds in the constant sampling units inside the plots were transported to the laboratory in order to count and separation based on the results of this research, sampled weeds included 10 species and 7 families the highest germination and emergence of weeds occurred on average in 2-4 weeks after potatoes planting that's mean after receiving the 137 to 329 degree-days growth By potato in Samian station and 105 to 254 degree day in Alarogh station but the highest weed density in both stations Alarogh and Samian belonging to the species of Amaranth and after the amaranth in Samian station the highest density belong to the mustard compared to other weeds but also in this test, like amaranth, the lambs quarters in the third week belongs to the highest germination and density and declined from the third week onwards germination of this species. Green foxtail weed density in both studied stations had the highest rates in the third and fourth weeks equivalent to receiving the 233 to 329 degree day for Samian station and 177 to 254 degree day for Alarogh station but perennial weeds, field bindweed maintaining an emergence almost in the entire period. Other species observed in this experiment, were belonged the highest germination and emergence in 233 degrees day for Samian station and 177 degree day for Alarogh station. The results can be used for the accurate prediction the time of weed control operations.

Flat planting in addition to low water use efficiency, caused to intense erosion and it had to replace this method of planting by other methods. In order to compare bed planting (3 rows on 75 cm beds) and flat planting (random broadcast pattern or conventional planting), and different seeding rates on yield, yield components and water use efficiency of wheat, an experiment was conducted as randomized complete blocks design with seven treatments and 3 replications during 2008-2009at Isfahan, Iran. Treatments included bed planting with four seeding rates(60, 120 and 180 kg ha-1), and flat planting with four seeding rates(60, 120, 180 and 300 kg ha-1). Although flat planting with seeding rate of 180 kg of seeds ha-1 (9948 kg seed yield ha-1) had highest grain yield, but it had no significant differences with bed planting with 180 kg seed ha-1 (9715 kg seed yield ha-1) and bed and flat planting methods with 120 kg seeds ha-1 (9549 and 9235 kg seed yield ha-1). Flat planting with 60 kg of seeds ha-1 had the lowest grain yield (8046 kg seed yield ha-1), because significant reduction in grains per spike and spikes per m2 Flat planting and 300 kg of seeds ha-1 (conventional method) had yield of equivalent with bed planted and 120 kg of seeds ha-1. Water use efficiency was 11% more and used water was 14% less on a bed culture than flat method. In summary, using a bed planting of120 kg of seeds ha-1is recommended, compared to conventional method at similar conditions.

The rapidly growing world population places considerable pressure on increasingly scarce natural resources, spurring the need to develop more efficient and sustainable agricultural production systems to feed these growing populations. This study evaluating the agricultural lands in Golestan province for soybeans, using Geographic Information System (GIS) and weighted linear method (WLC). For this purpose, four important physiographic factors such as slope, aspect, elevation and the soil texture were selected and graded according to current elements prepared required map. Data were standardized by fuzzy method, and Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) was used for weighting the criteria. Finally, soybean cultivation potential map were prepared with using weighted linear combination (WLC) in the software IDRISI The results showed the highest amount weighty criteria by the Analytic Hierarchy Process in the soybean soil texture (0. 5228) and elevation whit (0. 0765) had the lowest coefficient in the rankings. Then zoning of lands carried out in 4 classes (high suitable, suitable, less suitable and nonsuitable. Generally results of the weighted linear combination of Physiographic showed that 11. 08 and 37. 60 percent of the lands for soybean production areas were located in high suitable and suitable zones. In addition, limiting factor of the soybean cultivation in the Golestan province can be cited soil texture.

Identification long term effects of agricultural practices on the weed community help to weed sustainable management. Dynamic weed population is influenced by environment, soil properties and agronomical systems. This experiment was carried out in order to investigate levels of input consumption (values of herbicide, cultivation intensity and fertilizer) on weed abundance, density and composition in soybean fields. So, 714 samples were taken in 2013 from 34 soybean fields in two low-and high-input systems located in an area extending from Qarakheyl in the middle of Mazandaran province to Sarjecor in the eastern Golestan province. In both input levels, 33 species belonging to 18 families were identified that were mainly broadleaf and annual species. Number of species had not any significant difference in both systems. In high input system number dominant species were low (two species) and in low input were more. Species richness and weed density were influenced by input levels, so that weed density and diversity were more in low input systems than in high input systems. Frequency of all of functional groups (vegetative cycle, life form and photosynthetic pathway) in low input system were significantly more. This study demonstrates that weeds in low systems are able to remain alive due to complete their life cycle, and due to limitation in herbicide usage, the role of tillage and fertilization must be bold.

This study aims to determine the habitat requirements (The site demands) of species samplings in 1392 in Arasbaran forests (North-West of Iran) has been applied. The studied area of 14000 hectare includes 13335 ha in Sutan-chay sub-basin of Kaleibar chai basin and 665 ha, a part of Ilghaneh chai basin. Six plots of 1000 square meters were established in sites with different land forms and geographical aspects. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was used to determine the most important factors affecting the establishment of Sorbus torminalis Crantz. (L. ) species in Arasbaran. for this purpose statistical software SPSS (Version 9) were used. The distribution of Sorbus torminalis species is in the altitudinal range of 1020– 1715 meter above sea level. Sorbus torminalis, as a kind of companion species in Carpinetum betuli L., association, is found in Arasbaran Forests. The tallest tree was measured on north slope with 11. 78 m height and the diameter of trees is varied between 5. 1 and 14. 4 cm in different land forms and geographical aspects. The Principal Component Analysis (PCA) analysis showed that factors such as CaCo3 and organic matter were more correlated with axes 1, while geographical aspect and silt content were more related to axes 2 that are representative for physical and chemical characteristics of soil, respectively.

Rapeseed is the most important edible oil source after soybean and palm in the world and is the most widely cultivated oilseed crop in Iran. The objective of this study was to adapt and test the ability of the AquaCrop model to simulate canola grain yield, biomass and soil water content. In this study, the dynamic simulation model AquaCrop for plant growth under conditions of limited water spring was used in climate Tabriz. The experimental design included four treatments I1, I2, I3 and I4 respectively regular watering of rape, 20, 35 and 50 percent less than its potential needs in four replicates in a randomized complete block design was carried out for two years 2010 and 2011. AquaCrop model using the measured data in 2010 calibration and validation data were measured in 2011. Based on found results, the AquaCrop model predicted the GY at maturity with a good precision and soil water simulated by AquaCrop tends to follow closely the trend in the measured data. In general, statistical indicators NRMSE and d for the final performance of the product (7. 05%, 0. 96), soil water content (16. 03% and 0. 77), respectively. The overall results showed that AquaCrop is a valid model and can be used with a reliable degree of accuracy for optimizing canola grain yield production and water requirement in the region Karkag of Tabriz.

Medicinal plants are of great importance in providing community health. In order to investigate effect of drought stress and bio fertilizer on yield and essential oil content of borage a split plot experiment based on randomized complete block design with three replications was done at the Agricultural Research Station of Islamic Azad University of Roudehen in 2014. Treatments were the main plot was drought in four levels (control, stress at vegetative stage, stress at flowering stage, and stress at vegetative+ flowering stage) and the sub plot consisted of three levels of fertilizer treatments (100% chemical fertilizer, 50% chemical fertilizer+ bio fertilizer, 25% chemical fertilizer+ bio fertilizer). Results showed a significant effect of drought stress on mucilage percentage and flower yield but the effect of drought stress on essence yield was not significant. The highest mucilage percentage in the stress at Vegetative +flowering stage treatment with an average of 6. 35% was obtained. The highest and least flower yield in the control and stress at Vegetative +flowering stage treatments, (with an average of 450 and 364 kg. ha-1) was obtained. Effect of fertilizer treatments on essence yield and flower yield was significant and the percentage of mucilage was not significant. Interactions between drought stress and fertilizer treatments on essence yield, flower yield was significant and 50% chemical fertilizer+ bio fertilizer was best treatment.

In order to determine the optimum harvesting date in direction to improve the quality attributes, antioxidant and storage capacity in Hayward kiwifruit, this experiment were performed based on randomized complete block design with three replications during 2012-2013 cropping season in western north of Guilan province, Astara, Iran. The studied treatment were including of five harvest dates of kiwifruit such as 17, 23 and 30 Oct. and 7 and 14 Nov. 2013. Based on results of this experiment, the effect of harvesting date was significant on all measured traits in Hayward kiwifruit except for fruit density and vitamin C. The highest degree of kiwifruit firmness (9. 35 kg. cm-2) and their soluble solids content (6. 6 %) were observed at 23 Oct. and 14 Nov. 2013, respectively. Delayed harvesting of kiwifruit decreased total titratable acidity. But, antioxidant capacity of kiwifruit enhanced response to delayed harvesting date. Also, in this experiment there was negative and significant correlation between antioxidant capacity and total titratable acidity of kiwifruit (r=-0. 74**). But, the correlation coefficient between kiwifruit firmness and antioxidant capacity was positive and significant (r= 0. 70**). In addition, the correlation coefficient between soluble solids and firmness was negative and significant (r=-0. 82**). Delayed harvesting up to 14 Nov. 2013 caused to increase the content of soluble solids and antioxidant capacity and enhancement of shelf life ability in Hayward kiwifruit. In general, the date of 14 Nov. 2013 can be recommendable to harvest Hayward kiwifruit and prolonging of its shelf life in region climatic condition.

Energy consumption and global warming and followed by climate change that has been noticed a lot of research. This study investigates the energy consumption and CO2 greenhouse gas emissions in production of irrigated and rainfed canola (Brassica napus) in northern region of Iran and and output energy indices were estimated. Data were collected from 136 farmers in Mazandaran and Golestan provinces by random sampling method in years 2016. The results of the study showed that input energy in rainfed farming in Mazandaran and Golestan were 29. 49 and 28. 77 GJ/h and input energy in irrigated farming in Mazandaran and Golestan was 33. 52 and 34. 10 GJ/ha was calculated. The energy output was calculated in raidfed farming in Mazandaran and Golestan were 88. 4 and 90. 3 GJ/h and output energy in irrigated Farming in Mazandaran and Golestan were 82. 27 and 82. 25 GJ/ha. The highest and lowest value of energy ratio was obtained in production of canola 3. 07 and 2. 41 in rainfed and irrigated in Golestan province, respectively. Also the rate of production CO2 greenhouse gas was calculated in rainfed farming in Mazandaran and Golestan were 41715. 04 kg/ha and 39968. 60 kg/ha and reat of production CO2 greenhouse gas in irrigated farming in Mazandaran and Golestan were 46180. 11 and 45011. 62 kg/ha. Due to higher energy index in rainfed cultivation than irrigated in north of iran, it is recommended that canola cultivation done rainfed form.

A field experiment was conducted in Amlash, Guilan province to evaluate the effect of phosphorus rate (P), Rhizobium phaseoli inoculation and nitragin biofertilizer on growth and yield of common bean (Guilan landrace). The experiment was designed in a factorial arrangement based on a Randomized Complete Block Design with three replicates. The factors were P rate, Rhizobium phaseoli application, and application of nitragin biofertilizer. Result showed that grain and fresh pod yields were significantly increased by 28% and 21%, respectively, as P application rate increased from 0 to 50 kg ha-1. No significant increase in grain and fresh pod yields were observed as P application rate increased from 50 to 75 kg ha-1, but further increase in P rate (75 kg ha-1) reduced grain and fresh pod yields significantly. Regression analysis showed that the highest grain (1403. 9 kg ha-1) and pod (8510. 7 kg ha-1) yields were obtained when phosphorus was applied at the rate of 65. 4 and 59. 3 kg ha-1, respectively. Grain and fresh pod yields were significantly increased by 7 and 10% with nitragin biofertilizer application, respectively. Moreover, grain and fresh pod yields increased by 17% and 20% after Rhizobium inoculation.

To evaluate the effects of different planting dates on some agronomic, physiological characteristics and yield of grain sorghum, an experiment was carried out in Agricultural and Natural Resources and Education Center, Yazd province, Iran, in a split plot arrangement based on Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with 4 replications in 2012 & 2013 growing seasons. Five different sowing dates (19 Apr, 5 May, 20 May, 5 Jun and 20 Jun) and three genotypes (Payam, Sepideh and Kimia) were considered as main plots and subplots, respectively. Results showed that the highest measured traits including plant height, leaf number, tiller number, dry forage yield, grain yield, number of panicles and number of grains/panicle were obtained from Sepideh cultivar in first and second sowing dates. The highest grain yield (8424 kg/ha) was produced by Sepideh cultivar at sowing date of Apr/19. Based on the results of the present investigation, it appeared that in similar agro-climatic conditions, earlier sowing in spring may result to a better yield.

In this study, autecology of Zygophyllum atriplicoides in the north of the Fars province, city Abadeh pastures were studied. At first habitat map were prepared and habitat characteristics including topography, slope, aspect, climate, geology, soil, species, vegetation, root system, plant age, phenology, plant pests, forage quality examined was. The results showed that a similar level of 18. 9% of the total city area is potential habitats of species. In terms of topography highest species density in the plains, hills and mountains can be seen to some extent in scope. In the northern, northeastern, southeastern further distribution. In the dry climate of the region is growing. Studies showed geological formations such marl, shale and limestone grow. It also grows in light soils. The average percentage of canopy cover these basic 6000 per hectare density was determined and 39/1% percent. Root of scattered roots and has many subdivisions. More species will reproduce by seed. Growth started mid-February begins. Since the advent of flowers from early March and late April to mid-May seeding time goes on. Seed ripening and abscission it is early June. Toward the end of the growing season, forage quality of raw protein, ADF and NDF further reduce forage quality is decreasing. The best time grazing in the meadows of the plant seeding city Abadeh an early start is recommended. This plant can be used as a way of increasing the city Abadeh with Artimisia herba rangelands be considered.

Improving forage quality causes increase in feeding efficiency and enhancing forage quality is one of the important purposes in cropping operations in forage cultivation. In order to evaluate the effect of urea foliar and vermicompost fertilizer application on forage qualitative of corn (Zea mays L. ) – cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. ) intercropping, an experiment was conducted as strip-split plot arranged in randomized complete blocks design with four replications in Khorramabad temperate region during 2011-2012. Urea foliar application and control, application of vermicompost fertilizer and control, and corn + cowpea mix cropping (sole corn and sole cowpea, and %75: %25, %50: %50, %25: %75, corn: cowpea) were the factors. Urea foliar application and vermicompost fertilizer had better performance than controls. The lowest pure fibers and the highest ash, pure protein, amount of forage energy, digestible dry matter, and protein yield were achieved from urea foliar application and using vermicompost fertilizer and %75: %25 and %50: %50, corn: cowpea mix cropping rates. Results showed that urea foliar application significantly affected forage quality. Therefore, it is recommended that in order to obtaining sustainable agriculture aims and decrease in application of chemical fertilizers and harvesting high quality and quantity forage, foliar application of urea fertilizer using 50: 50 intercropping of corn: cowpea and 75: 25 intercropping of cowpea: corn and vermicompost application.

In order to study the effect of irrigation withholding, mycorrhiza application and nano (Fe and Zn) oxide on yield, rate and grain filling period of safflower (Carthamus tinctories L. ), a factorial experiment was conducted based on randomized complete block design with three replications in cropping season of 2014. The experimental factors were included: mycorrhiza application in two levels (with and without mycorrhiza), foliar application of nano zinc oxide in four levels: (without nano oxide as control, application of nano iron oxide, nano zinc oxide and nano zinc oxide+ nano iron oxide) and irrigation in three levels [full irrigation as control, irrigation withholding at 50% of flowering stage (moderate water limitation); irrigation withholding at 50% of heading-bud stage (severe water limitation)]. Means comparison showed that maximum of grain yield, grain filling rate, grain filling period, effective grain filling period (2278. 52 kg ha-1, 0. 0027 g. day-1, 40 and 35 days) were obtained at application of mycorrhiza, nano oxide of Zn+Fe and full irrigation. Minimum of these traits (834. 25 kg ha-1, 0. 00189 g. day-1, 30. 91 days and 26. 79 days respectively) were obtained in non-mycorrhiza, non-foliar application of nano oxide and irrigation to heading-bud. Application of mycorrhiza and nano oxide of Zn+Fe increased grain yield by 35. 19 % as compared with non-mycorrhiza, non-foliar application of nano oxide under severe water limitation.

Given that the Paraquat are being removed from the list of herbicides in Iran to find a replacement for that, new per and post emergence herbicides were compared with it. These experiments were conducted in Tehran in apple and in Desfol and Jiroft in citrus orchards. 13 treatments were distributed in a completely randomized block design with 3 replications. Different compounds of pre-emergence herbicides Napropamide and Trifluralin and post-emergence herbicides a new Glyphosate, 160g L-1 Amitrole, 143g L-1 Ammonium thiocyanate and 60g L-1 Glyphosate (ATG), Glyphosate, Paraquat were the treatments. In the late autumn per-emergence herbicides and when weeds were 10 cm in height postemergence herbicides were used. The results showed that the effect of pre-emergence herbicides on weed control in winter weeds depending on the weed type. In Dezful this effect was significant compared to control (20-42 %) and in Tehran had no significant effect. It looks as regards the impact of Trifluralin is the same as Napropamide and its dose is less than Devrinol, Trifluralin is a better option than Napropamide for orchards. Although, due to residual effects, pre emergence herbicides after six months were also effective in weed control, but the weed control by post-emergence herbicides was more than them. In the post-emergence herbicides ATG in 4. 3 and 3. 6 kg/ha, new Glyphosate in 0. 54 kg/ha, Paraquat and Glyphosate showed the highest rate summer weed control, but according to the dose, new Glyphosate in 0. 54 kg/ha, Paraquat and Glyphosate are among the post-emergence herbicide better options.

The aim of this study was to compile composite indicators for quantifying the agro-ecological and socio-economical sustainability of greenhouse production in Sistan and Baluchestan. Data were collected from 400 greenhouse systems at four different regions using a face-to-face questionnaire during 2014. The sample size was calculated using the Cochran method. Four surveyed regions included Sistan, Zahedan, and central region of the province covering Khash, Saravan, Mirjaveh and southern region of the province covering Nikshahr, Iranshahr and Sarbaz. Average score of sustainability index in greenhouse system was 59. 8. The results of step by step regression progressive showed that the most important factors determining the sustainability index in the systems were; economic efficiency of water, type of greenhouse ownership, costs of fertilizer, source of water supply, neighboring owner living and technicians education of owner with the coefficient regression of 0. 022, 1. 292, 0. 850, 0. 004, 0. 720 and 1. 94, respectively. The study of critical points revealed that correct management of greenhouses, employing certified technical experts and introducing and implementing modern technology to mechanize the greenhouse equipment will be lead to sustainable greenhouse and crop yield increasing in the region.

In order to study the effects of mung bean seed priming with salicylic acid (0, 0. 2, 0. 5 and 1 mM) and inoculation with different plant growth promoting bacteria (control, inoculation with Pseudomonas, Azotobacter chroococcum and Azospirillum lipoferum) a factorial experiment was conducted based on randomized complete block design with three replications. Based on results, the interaction effect of salicylic acid priming and inoculation with growth-promoting bacteria on leaf chlorophyll index, protein percentage, grain yield and harvest index were significant. However, root dry weight, root volume and biological yield were only affected by the simple effects of salicylic acid priming and inoculation with growth-promoting bacteria. The highest amounts of biological yield, root volume and dry weight observed in 0. 5 mM salicylic acid priming. In all levels of salicylic acid, inoculation with Azotobacter resulted in highest percentage of seed protein content. The positive effects of plant growth promoting bacteria on seed yield, leaf chlorophyll index and harvest index was related to concentration of salicylic acid and in the concentration of 0. 2 and 0. 5 mM the highest seed yield observed after inoculation with Pseudomonas treatment.

This experiment was done as split plot based on a randomized complete blocks design with three replications in the field of Urmia University, in 2015. The main plot was irrigation disruption at four levels including: full irrigation, irrigation disruption at heading, flowering and grain filling stages and different sources of fertilizer comprised of control, water spray, foliar application of Nano, chemical fertilizer, bio-fertilizer application and combined application of fertilizers [Nano + chemical + biofertilizer], were assigned as subplot. Results showed that in control plants under irrigation disruption at heading stage the capsule number per plant and oil yield was decreased 52. 25 and 62. 6 percent in compared to the plants treated with combined application of fertilizers and full irrigation. Normal irrigation and combined fertilizer treatments had maximum 1000-seed weight (44. 33 g) and seed yield (2526. 8 kg/ha) and the lowest of 1000-seed weight (34. 7g) and seed yield (1032. 9 kg/ha) were obtained in plants under irrigation disruption at heading stage and application of Nano fertilizer and control, respectively. The highest harvest index (42%) was detected in irrigation disruption at the grain filling stage and combined fertilizers, and the lowest (24. 33%) was observed in irrigation disruption at flowering stage followed by bio-fertilizer application. Generally, result showed that irrigation disruption during the grain filling stage and application of combined fertilizers without any significant effect on yield led to a reduction water consumption on safflower farm.

In a 2-years field study, wheat growth pattern and grain yield as affected by nitrogen (N) rates were evaluated under varied irrigation conditions at Shiraz University during 2013-15 growing seasons. The treatments included irrigation at four levels (normal irrigation, irrigation cutting at grain filling and spike emergence until end of growing season, and rainfed conditions) in the main plots and six N levels: 0, 75, 150, 225, 300 and 375 kg. ha-1 arranging in a split plot experiment based on randomized complete block design. The results showed that in both years, the highest plant height at anthesis and ripening stages in all irrigation treatments, except rain fed, were observed in 300 kg N ha-1, while the highest plant height in rain fed was achieved in 225 kg N ha-1 treatment for all sampling stages. In all irrigation treatments, except rain fed, the plots receiving more N had the higher leaf area index for all growing stages. As water deficit was applied and intensified, the less N fertilizer was needed for achieving the higher dry matter production; so that the highest final dry matter in normal irrigation, irrigation cutting at grain filling and spike emergence and rain fed conditions for both years were obtained from 225, 225, 150 and 75 kg N ha-1, by 1195. 1, 1115. 2, 931. 1 kg. ha-1 and 517. 6 at the first and by 1015. 8, 957. 9, 791. 5 kg ha-1 and 389. 9 kg N ha-1 at the second year, respectively. Irrigation cutting in grain filling, ear emergence and rain fed were respectively associated with 14. 2%, 39. 7% and 74. 1% reduction in grain yield, compared to control. In both years, the highest SPAD index was observed from rain fed conditions and 375 kg N ha-1, and the highest grain yield was observed in normal irrigation with 150 kg N ha-1 by 568. 1 and 515. 5 kg ha-1 at the first and second years, respectively. In general, the results revealed that although the highest N levels increased growth, especially under normal conditions, for achieving the highest grain yield, 150 and 75 kg N ha-1 is required for normal and rainfed conditions, respectively.

In order to study the effect of foliar application of different levels of methanol and variety on yield and physiological traits of dry-land wheat, an experiment was conducted as factorial based on completely randomized block design in 2014-2015 cropping year in Khorram Abad climate conditions in research farm of Khorram Abad agriculture station. The experimental factors were; (M) Methanol foliar application (M1: distilled water (Control), M2: 10% (v/v) methanol, M3: 15% (v/v) methanol, M4: 20% (v/v) methanol, M5: 25% (v/v) methanol and M6: 30% (v/v) methanol); (V) wheat varieties (V1: Zagros, V2: Qaboos). Results showed that there was significant effect of different levels of methanol foliar application on SPAD index and relative water content and highest amount of these traits obtained in 20% methanol and 25% methanol resulted to highest biological and grain yield but methanol application had no significant impact on protein content. Highest leaf area, biological yield and grain yield obtained in Qaboos variety and highest protein content observed in Zagros variety. Foliar application of methanol resulted to decrease in photo-respiration and increasing accessibility of carbon resulted from methanol degradation and Qaboos variety produced more grain yield and vegetative growth due to higher adaptability with growth medium conditions.

To evaluate the drought tolerance of barley, eight foreign lines and two Iranian cultivars were studied in two rainfed and irrigated conditions during 2013-2014 in a RCB design with three replications. The results of comparison showed that the highest grain yield under irrigated conditions were belonged to lines 79, 95 & 120 and Yousef cultivar (with average yield 935. 3 g/m2) and under rainfed conditions belonged to lines 95 and 120 (average yield 834. 3 g/m2). In both conditions, the lowest yield was found in line 21 (average yield 227. 0 g/m2). There was not correlation between the results obtained by two group indices (sensitive evaluation indices vs. tolerance evaluation indices) in identification of tolerant genotypes, so that based on TOL, LOS and SSI, lines 21, 97 & 125 and Reyhan cultivar were sensitive and low yielding genotypes, while based on MP, STI, GMP and HAR, lines 95 & 120 and Yousef cultivar had highest drought tolerance. To selection and introduce the best criteria of drought tolerance, the correlation of above indices with yield under normal and drought stress was evaluated. According to the results of the correlation between stress indices MP, GMP, HMP, YI and STI had significant correlation with yield under both normal and stress conditions, which indicating that using these criteria for evaluation of drought tolerance will be more desirable in breeding programs. According to these indices and high yield of genotypes under both environmental conditions, lines 95 and 120 were found to be the best genotypes.

To study the effect of zeolite use on growth characteristics and yield of rapeseed (Brassica napus) under drought stress, a split factorial experiment in a randomized complete blocks design was conducted with four replications in Seed and Plant Improvement Institute in Karaj. In this study, there were three irrigation regimes (Irrigation after 40, 60 and 80% soil water deficit, as non-stress, low stress and high stress, respectively) and use of zeolites in two levels (0 and 10 tons per ha zeolite) arranged in factorial in main plots and four genotypes of rapeseed (Line KR4 and Eldo and GKH 305 and Anatol cultivars) in sub-plots. The means compression revealed that water stress leads to significant decrease in plant height, stem diameter, number of branches per plant, length and number of silique per main stems and branches, seed numbers in main and second silique, dry matter and seed yield. Two moderate and severe water stress caused to 59 and 86% reduction in seed yield. But use of zeolite caused to significant increase in the above mentioned traits. The interaction of zeolite and water stress results also indicated zeolite efficiency increased with increasing water restrictions and finally zeolite efficiency was 27, 64 and 94 percent in seed production in non-stress, moderate and severe stress, respectively. Although under non stress condition KR4 line and GKH305 cultivar had the highest seed yield in use and non-use of zeolite, respectively. Under medium and severe stress, Anatol had the highest yield. So use of zeolite, especially in severe stress, by keep soil water and decrease the effect of stress on yield components, can increase seed yield of rapeseed.