STUDIES OF LITERARY CRITICISM (LITERARY RESEARCH)
Year:2012 | Volume:- | Issue:24-25|Papers Count:10

The war novel is the description of courages and anti-oppression measures of brave people who rose against the aggressive to defend the honour, reputation and virtues of individuals and in this regard, women played a preeminent role in the progression of war.By the verification of three novels inclouding “root in the depths”, “Mrs Golab” and “Arvand Anthem”, we can realize how women played an important role in different fields.In the resent study, women were divided into subgroups including mothers and wives of martyrs, mothers of self-sacrificing people (devotees) who risk their lives, immigrant women and war refugees, female nurses, expecting women and negativists. And each of these women regarding their opinions and mentalities have specific reactions and reflections about war and surrounding events.Some women when facing with problems and difficulties change to idealistic women and some change to non-idealistic (ordinary) women, and it is necessary to have each of these kinds of women in the novel. In order to have a better understanding of the opposite sides.According to what has been said anything can be known by knowing its opposite side. For these purpose, the existence of negativists lead to the recognition of idealistic and legendary women, and their importance and value can be revealed adjacent to such women.The role of novel in this era is to show the endurance, tolerance, and self-sacrifice of women because women of this era are different from the previous eras women. And they have been familiarized with their great responsibility and commitment against their families and society and for this reason they have freed themselves from capricious desires and were introduced as idealistic women.

Contrary to popular opinion that consider the Persian literature and poetry as a handful of epic tricuspid and fistic poetry, because of its high capacity on the one hand and the lack of differentiation of the modern science on the other hand, the Persian language and literature has been a litter for the transmission of various science teachings.It can be clearly showed in examining this issue that, the Persian literary texts is overfilled of the concepts and materials that each of them are proposed nowadays as an independent field by dividing into branches and with an specialized look, and with their own titles include different scientific and educational topicsThis article expresses a point of moral, social, in the Persian literature and is followed to explain briefly the place and role of the Persian language and literature as the basis and litter of transfer for the Iranian social culture and study the look of Iranian community at “culture of citizenship” as it has been clear in the literary works, take a small step in the change of judge and prejudice regarding the Persian language and literature.

Aspects of resistance have indeed been a major literary theme in the Occupied Lands of Palestine. Literature of resistance as a pivotal front for revolutionary nations against military, political and cultural onslaughts has undergone more growth in Palestine than any other countries or lands.Rashid Hussein is appreciated as one of the greatest poets in resistance literature in the occupied lands of Palestine who strives to employ the weapon of pen in revealing the true nature of the Zionist regime. His onthology is largely themed with call to resistance, depiction of injustice, appreciation of freedom, bright future of victory, reflection of Palestinian innocence and Palestinian sacrifice in the path of freedom and, finally, homage to the martyrs of this path.He found it inevitable to return to homeland in his works, noting that life must continue in the holy land of Palestine.The role of the prominent national-Islamic personality then deserves further deliberation, especially his significant role in Palestinian resistance’s literature.

Its been long time that poem of Khosrow Shirin e Nezami has been noticed by & (men of letters) Nezami’s literary works is reflex of 6th century way of life.Anyone could see his image & life environment & social relationships& religious and national customs on it. Iranians can find everything they prefer in this poem and like their findings.This pleasant work reflects past desirable perfection of Iranians in moral & substantial lifeBesides, it’s understood by its comparison with today way of life that how today Iranians should follow their believes & desirable perfection in order to not losing their nationality & to be excellent between other nations.In this survey we have tried to analyze Khosrow- Shirin poem by introduction & entraction of vulgar believes in Hakim Nezami’s masterpiece.

Proverb is one of the expressional ways of holy Quran. This grate divine book mentions several of its hidden realities in the form of proverb. Since in obtained narrations from innocent Imams (peace be upon them) we can observe careful and subtle paraphrases in meaning of some verses of Quran’s proverbs and by these paraphrases somewhat the meanings from inside of Quran’s proverbs are illustrated. This study tries to review some Quran’s proverbs from paraphrase viewpoint. For the hope that the bride of Quran’s seeing overthrown and few part of learning and realities of Quran’s proverbs illustrated. For this reason first it reviews the word of proverb and paraphrase and then mentions some verses contain Quran’s proverbs and by mentioning paraphrases of them inserts this important work.

A khuzestanian contemporary poet Abd al-Azim Al-Rabiei is one of the student of Hoze-Elmiyeh. that dedicated his poetry to Ahl al-bayt & applied his literature in service of religion.In his poems, he impresses contents of Najaf Ashraf and by imitation of poets such as Komeit ebn Zaid Asadi, Sayed Hemyari, Mahyar Deylami, Shaikh Hashem kaabi, Sayed Heydar Helli & by the use of novelistic-historical books, he poeticized his praises & laments for Profit Mohammad & his Ahl al-bayt.The praises & laments for scientists, private lament, love poetry, preachments, Prudences, invocation, instructional poetry & historical poetry are from other poetic contents & subjects of Rabiei’s poems.In this essay, Rabiei’s life, imports & subjects of his poems and samples for praises & laments for Ahl al-bayt in Rabiei’s poems are investigated & they are all scrutinized & referd to historical documents.

In safavi era, religious scientists -as deputies of expected Imam- got supernatural power and influence. They with sages that habitually had also Compilations on some lawful science, had tendency whit mysticism. At the same era, historical antecedent of Kashan in Shiite religion, was Caused special attention of Safavid governors to this city: Scientific and Literary societies promoted and attracted speakers and poets from around of country.By promoting Shiite in ninth century, the number of Sufis dynasty were being added. Sufi safavied and Nematollahieh dynasty and Noorbakhshieh sect were been effective factors of Shiite promotion.This essay is for introduction of thoughts and works Mohammad Ibn i Soltan Mohammad Aradabili-Known and pen name to Mohaghegh Shiite scientist and mystic of A.H eleventh century. He is follower Ghazi Asad Ghohpaee and attributed to Noorbakhshieh sect. By witness of his works, his religious face has priority than other faces and his thought domination is on divine law and maintenance and observance of rules: However, meanwhile expressing pure religious debates, he doesn’t neglect mentioning principles and rules of Sufism. His Sufism rarely has a tendency with taste and composes quatrain almost attractive. Compiler, Sometime, resort to philosophical terms for proving his opinions but there isn’t special philosophical method.

The main objective of the paper is to the play Die Physiker of Fredrich Durrenmatt based on textual analysis of Roland Barthes. The analysis is according to codes analyses which are divided into five parts. They include hermeneutic or enigma codes which seek enigmas of the text, proiretic codes which relate to sequences of narrative, symbolic codes which consider binary oppositions, and Codes of semes discuss minimum meanings of the text, using the method, one could analyze the way of dispersing the meanings in the texture of a narrative or text.

Censorship is one of action and method that governments tries to use it for preventing occurrence of null and void thoughts since high volume of information that injected and entered into society can not only aid to growth of human, but may cause for vice versa shown of real facts and cause for its deviation and provide means of disorder in thoughts and ethics.But about meaning of censorship and its type or methods, there is number of questions that we answered it in present essays. Value of essay clear with familiarity of reader with concept of censorship, types and its methods and provide entrance of field for judgment. In summary, we can say that censorship is a kind of supervision that effective authority in government perform and have number of division. The said action has different methods that its most and important is prevention and follow up method.

In the last two centuries in most Islamic countries poets who have defended the idea of Internationalism or religious unity can be found.In Persian language only Iqbal lahouri has worked on this idea. Iqbal always tries to analyze and evaluate religion practically & objectively.Therefore, he attempts to discover & investigate the developmental stages that a religious idea goes through during its life, avoiding any narrow & prejudiced comments. He also makes an effort to explore the value of religion in the past and find its application in the present time. The idea of internationalism has been expressed through the poetic vision and away from any Motto. Nevertheless, this idea of religious unity or internationalism against the common enemy is one of the main themes in Iqbal’s poems.