RAYS OF CRITICISM IN ARABIC AND PERSIAN
Year:2013 | Volume:3 | Issue:10|Papers Count:10

The art of imagination as a literary element, containing critical components such as image, emotion, language, reality and etc., is highly emphasized in studying and criticizing a literary script. Imam Ali has remarkably used this literary element to convey religious, ethical and social concepts. Since this literary element is closely related to style and different types of that, thus we tried to study the art of imagination in Imam Ali's letters based on various kinds of styles. This study, which uses descriptive-analytical method, concluds that "style" plays the pivotal role in the expression of literary imaginations in Imam Ali's letters and in determining the position and success of their application.

Analysis of critical views to figure out poem’s meaning usually ignites critical disagreements and numerous discussions because, mostly, in any juncture by any poet and textual critic, a special definition is produced. On the other hand, a poem is the heart of art with spiritual quality that this quality will link it to human spirit and so any artist, as a human, has his own spirit. So this would cause that anyone, depending on his spiritual manner gives a different definition than others over poem. The other dimension of this feature is poem’s multilateral aspect because human spirit isn’t a one- dimensional phenomenon. Therefore, whatever linked to spirit can’t be one dimensional and lately leads to complication and hardens the normative logical definition of poem. Thus many contemporaneous literary men try to give a definition based on their experience by contemplating on their own poetic observation. We have chosen two poets who are authoritative at criticism as well, to give a deep, new and different definition of poetry. In this research we aim to practice by analyzing two Arab critics views concerning each poem's definition, context of poetry, with giving public sight about this artistic phenomenon, with a special analysis of critics' books with thematic analysis of Rafeyi and Oghad’s verse and prose literature, to make a new design for poem’s definition by pivoting their opinion, and judging their literary controversy in artistic dimension as far as we can. According to research, a poem is a phenomenon including innate, divine, sensible sentiment, efficient notion, musical words, in both critics' opinion.

In Abbasi era, in addition to tribal wars, many wars have been made between Abbasian caliphs against Romans and khoramian ones and also between Hamedanian caliphs against Roman ones. For analyzing Arab wars, this article using descriptive-analyzing method considered the war poems of two famous poets of third and forth centuries who lived in similar conditions and their religion was Islam and their enemy was Rome .One of them, Abutamam Altai, participated in wars through his clear expression and his poems. The other is Abuferas Hamedani who took part in wars giving his alls. But Abutamam described wars between Muslims and the Roman in his eulogistic odes which is why he began most of these odes by lyricism or describing wreckages. He has no choice but to describe wars in the way that the praised and admired. Anyway, he could revive the remembrance of commanders like Abu said Alsaqari who had been forgotten in history. But Abu Feras described wars in his eulogistic bragging odes directly without lyricism and redundancy. So the poems of both poets including reality not imagination are considered important documents for history.

Sharif Razi has composed different poems on various subjects ,and he was very good at all different poems, and could be distinguished with his authentic eloquence and his remarkable and inimitable ability to be highlighted among poets, in particular in elegy and crying on family, relatives, and describing the tribulation of time, and his odes in elegy appeared in passionate feelings and ebullient emotions. It is noteworthy to say that his odes in lamentation for Hussein is a full poetic example for poets who came after him and followed him in their tragedy for Hussein, And they imitated him in their tragedy for Hussein, and they had memorized his poems and had kept it. These few short elegies made Sharif Razi famous and led him to be a pioneer among his contemporaries. This paper is an attempt to examine his elegies as a proof of his unique talent.

"Alfosule val Ghayat" is considered as one of the most important verse writings of Abu-al-Ala which comes to us partially. The vast bulk of refrains and comments with each part dealing with a new subject depicts the depth of the poet's thoughts. This paper examines the lines and comments of this book structurally and explains the significance of the titles, and then deals with those parts without title. Moarri's innovative reference to different sciences such as syntax and prosody and its formal similarity to the holy Koran has made the jealous and narrow minded to accuse his book as a counterbalance to the holy Koran.

Phenomenon of pessimism towards crow has existed from hundreds of years ago in the literature: Persian and Arabic. Every Farsi or Arabic poet has spoken about raven and has argued the reason for devastation and destruction perdition. Without repeating that the motives of pessimism to crow are multi, this article refers to the most important motives of crow pessimism in the literature: Persian and Arabic, according to the following addresses: 1.Myths and folk traditions. 2. People's hatred of black color. 3. Poetic stories. 4. Proverbs newly industrialized. 5.Hadith attributed to the Prophet Muhammad, peace be upon him and his progeny 6. The use of crow in the poetic arts. 7. Linguistic derivation of the word crow.8. Tradition of the fathers. 9. Reliance on interpretations of dreams. 10. Misperceptions about the Book of Genesis in the Bible. This article seeks to answer the following questions: 1.What are the reasons for pessimism and the appearance of crow myth around him in the Arab and Persian literature? 2. Is pessimism to raven due to its religious character or not? 3. Is it for pessimism fact, or is it just words of psychological emissions? 4.Why God sent the crow to teach the sons of Adam bury their dead and did not send another bird to be the first teacher to humans?

The modern theater has planted its roots in the mid-nineteenth century in different ways, in particular translation, and the Iranian dramatists emotion of French plays, especially plays by Moliere. The theater initially was comedies, which was the neutralization of the gullible villagers and intimates of Iranian society. Then twist and raised plays that focused on live models of life and society. The Iranian theater characterized since its inception and historical tendency, has resorted Iranian playwright since they know the western theater from history and were inspired. Nostalgia to the past which is full of stories and exciting and funny anecdotes and heroic figures, to enlighten the people and awake them against the tyrants and foreign rulers were among common subjects, and also were written for the purpose of projections and re-evaluation of historical events from a contemporary perspective. This article explains the appearance of historical drama in Iran, and the reasons that led the playwrights to this literary genre, and to indicate the path of development through passing various stages, and also studies the historical dramas of that era with descriptive and analytical method.

It stands to reason that modern linguistics has gone through an immense development at diverse linguistic levels. However, such developments have often happened in the systematic dimension of the current linguistic enterprises, as the preceding scholars have not been less familiar with the origins and principles of the field than the contemporary linguists do. The present paper concerns itself with investigating the ideas of Abdullah Ibn omar Beyzavi, a preceding scholar whose ideas have been introduced in his popular interpretation of a linguistic phenomenon, called "phonemic communication", which is nowadays applied by the contemporary linguists to distinguish the linguist phones. The paper aims at giving insights into understanding the very fact that the literature and the intellectual heritage of the preceding scholars can be the base of the modern intellectual and academic endeavors.

After the third decade of 20th century the social political and intellectual conditions in the Arab world prepared the field for romantic revolution. This school surrounded public favor for a long time. Arab generation was influenced by romanticism and was acquainted with the principles of this school by translation of western literature .One of the offspring’s of this generation is contemporary Palestinian poetess Fadwa Touqan who empowered the base of Palestine poem after his brother Ebrahim Touqan. Her first poetry sequence was influenced by this school. From this point of view this article investigates Fadwa Touqan's poem on the base of descriptive analysis approach reveal the main romantic propositions in her first poetical works.

The "Beshr ibn Avana" is poetry called "Beshriia ode" has been translated to Persian poetry by the contemporary Iranian poet "Mohammad Hossein Shahriar". And he has tried to communicate all aspects of the text into the target language. One of the most important aspects of the poetry is the Music lyrics that we see "Shahriar" transmitted it beautifully. This study tries to make a comparison between translation and the original text. The most important finding of this research is to show that the Music lyrics in two Persian and Arabic poetry helped poets to express thoughts in the best way, as sometimes we see that music and lyrical space suit in the best form sometimes accompanied with saga and pride.